近代宪法学说发展的四个阶段

近代宪法学说有个发展过程。这个过程既是向西方学习的过程,同时也是国人不断反省传统的与既存的制度与文化的过程。在此过程中,国人为了早日改变积贫积弱落后挨打的被动局面、实现迅速崛立于世界富强国家民族之林的梦想,努力地拿西方先进的东西特别是西方宪法和宪政来改造中国。此处尝试把近代宪法学说的发展过程划分成四个阶段,以便更清晰地理出近代宪政运动先行者的求索历程,努力从宪法学说理论及其实践的结合上展现出中国近代宪法学说和宪政运动的演进路线,探析其中的经验和教训,以期为当前蓬勃发展的新时期宪法学说理论和宪政建设的健康实践提供参考和借鉴。     

习惯法与国家法的博弈——粤东北乡村治理

习惯法在国家正式司法或行政活动中未得到应有的重视,但其在实践领域仍然事实上发挥了规则的作用。以粤东北为例,习惯法与国家法在基层法院司法实践中的博弈,以及在各种调解活动和村民自治实践中的博弈,证明了习惯法难以估量的作用。     

司法审查：一种动态民主的机制

从代议民主的角度看,司法审查和民主之间确实存在着矛盾,美国司法审查的几种理论路径不能解释清楚司法审查正当性的问题,伊利的程序主义理论回避司法审查合法性的实体问题即国会立法违背宪法的客观标准为何,宪法文本的不确定性使得司法审查的客观标准成为一个难题,但是如果从动态的民主参与方面看,对国会立法进行违宪审查的目的是建立一种动态的参与民主机制,在代议民主和大众之间建立沟通的桥梁,使民众的话语得到张扬,让民主运转起来,故美国确立司法审查的理论基础是动态的参与民主机制。     

探寻宪法解释的中国之路——读范进学教授《认真对待宪法解释》

宪法解释对于宪法研究和宪政建设都有着重要的作用。当前的宪法解释研究,应从理论体系的研究转向制度层面的实施,在尊重宪法文本权威的前提下,在维护现有宪政体制稳定性的基础上,运用宪法解释的方法来推动中国的宪法研究和宪政建设。     

40 YEARS OF CHINESE REFORM AND OPENING UP ALONGSIDE CHINESE CONSTITUTIONAL STUDY

China has a long history of constitutional jurisprudence, bearing different academic missions in different eras. China’s constitutional jurisprudence, characterized by its academic logic and principled nature, has not only facilitated social development and progress but also actively played academic functions during the Chinese reform and opening up. This paper considers the social changes during the last 40 years of the policy’s implementation as the background and, by employing standardized and literature analysis methods, combs the main progress and evolution of the knowledge system during the 40 years of constitutional jurisprudence study, followed by a look into its future.     

中国宪法惯例问题辨析

中国是具有宪法典的国家,而没有所谓的不成文宪法。中国的宪法惯例必须紧紧围绕和依赖宪法规范才能存在和发展,如果主要的宪法规范都无法实施,宪法惯例一说就大为可疑,因为惯例是规范的"润滑剂"而非"溶化剂"。在这个意义上,宪法惯例和政治惯例不可混为一谈。至于中国宪法的实施途径,首要在于宪法的法律化和违宪审查机制的建立,那些零星、有争议的宪法惯例是无法独当宪政建设之重任的。宪法惯例的不恰当泛化,已构成对宪法规范性的直接挑战,因而有必要重申宪法的规范性。总之,寻求对中国宪法实施问题的解释,最紧要的不是去寻找和确认业已存在哪些宪法惯例,而是要去追问和探求是否存在宪法惯例发展的土壤和机制。     

Self-deception and other-deception among admissions to a maximum security hospital and a medium secure unit

Abstract

Other-deception and self-deception are important variables to consider when conducting a forensic psychological evaluation. The main aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of setting on other-deception and self-deception scores. It was hypothesised that patients at a maximum security hospital (Broadmoor) would score lower on an other-deception questionnaire than similar patients at a medium secure unit (Denis Hill Unit). All the patients completed the other-deception (ODQ) and self-deception (SDQ) questionnaires of Sackeim and Gur (1979) on admission to the two security hospitals. The Broadmoor patients (N = 46) obtained significantly lower ODQ score than the Denis Hill Unit (N = 52) patients, after controlling for differences in ethnic background and diagnosis among the two populations. No significant difference in setting was found for the SDQ score. The ODQ and SDQ scores were significantly associated with the type of diagnosis and the ethnic background of the patient, with patients diagnosed as mentally ill scoring higher than those with a diagnosis of personality disorder, and ethnic minority patients scoring higher than Caucasian patients.     

Partner similarity for self-reported antisocial behaviour among married,cohabiting and dating couples: the Generation R Study

Abstract

From a criminological perspective, romantic relationships are supposed to decrease the risk of antisocial behaviour (Laub, Nagin, & Sampson, American Sociological Review, 63, 225–238, 1998). However, the effects of these relationships probably depend on the romantic partner's behaviour. In the current study we examined partner similarity for antisocial behaviour in an ethnically heterogeneous community sample of 4135 married, cohabiting and dating couples from Rotterdam, the Netherlands, using self-reports. Spousal correlations were consistently positive for antisocial behaviour but differed in strength according to the type of antisocial behaviour. Associations between spouses remained strong after adjusting for age and educational level depending on the type of antisocial behaviour. In addition, antisocial behaviour was positively associated between partners across marital status and ethnicity, but the strength of this association varied to some extent. Results are discussed in light of the phenotypic assortment, the socialization and the social homogamy hypotheses.     

The Convention Experience: Between Rhetoric and Participation

Abstract

This article investigates the participation of interest groups in the EU's Constituional Convention and their contribution to the debate on participatory democracy and EU governance. I argue that the constitutional moment prompted interest groups to define their priorities beyond focused policy issues to include wider principles of governance. While the Convention process was more inclusive that any previous treaty reform procedure, its institutional set up was a constraint to improving citizen participation either directly or via interest groups. The Convention reproduced a model of closed elitist politics which did not communicate sufficiently with the citizens, while the role of interest groups was restricted by a Convention designed as a drafting phase in preparation for the real decisive phase during the IGC. Despite the impact of specific domestic contexts, the ‘no’ votes in France and the Netherlands proved that civil society and participation were rhetorical devices deployed during the Convention to gain legitimacy rather than a genuine move towards a more pluralistic EU democracy capable of deploying effective mechanisms of active citizen participation.