论诉权与实体权利的合一与分流——从罗马法的Actio开始直至近代的路径追问

随着19世纪实体法、程序法正式分道扬镳,实体权利与诉权各自进入了大体独立的轨道。然而,在此之前两者的关系并非如此。详细地展示其合、分进程的历史脉络,尝试描摹出此一基础课题的谱系,可以为学说的进一步讨论提供基础。     

Towards a democracy-centred ethics

Abstract

The core idea of this paper is that we can use the differences between democratic and undemocratic governments to illuminate ethical problems. Democratic values, rights and institutions lie between the most abstract considerations of ethics and meta-ethics and the most particularised decisions, outcomes and contexts. Hence, this paper argues, we can use the differences between democratic and undemocratic governments, as we best understand them, to structure our theoretical investigations, to test and organise our intuitions and ideas, and to explain and justify our philosophical conclusions. Specifically, as we will see, a democracy-centred approach to ethics can help us to distinguish liberal and democratic approaches to political morality in ways that reflect the varieties of democratic theory, and the importance of distinguishing democratic from undemocratic forms of liberalism.     

America First? Trump,Crime, and Justice Internationally

ABSTRACT

“America First,” as presented by President Trump, argues for an international strategy that persistently places America’s interests above those of anyone or anything else. Consequently, Trump has reshaped the international perceptions of the United States and has created more difficulties for the U.S. in coordinating of global leaders in resolving complex issues in the world. This essay reflects on how Trump and the United States are viewed internationally, the impacts of Trump’s anti-immigrant and pro-White nationalist rhetoric, Trump’s responses to humanitarian crises around the globe, and the potential impact of Trump’s stance on global climate change. Given these considerations, it is questionable whether “America First” policy has made “America Great Again” in the eyes of the world.     

保障当事人诉讼权利的基本课题

在司法文明指数报告中,考察当事人诉讼权利的基本思路,包括设计二级指标和测试题目两方面内容。通过分析指数报告,可以发现当事人诉讼权利的保障情况总体不佳。保障当事人诉讼权利,应当强调发挥法院的作用;而未来改革的基本课题,包括如何防止权力主体滥用自由裁量权,以及如何为权力主体依法行使职权提供必要的外部保障。     

政府促进公平分配权力的体系性思考

对社会财富分配规则进行研究,从中提炼能够统辖所有分配规则的抽象的权力范畴,可以提升有关优化收入分配结构、促进收入公平分配的法律问题的理论研究深度。散见于社会财富三次分配中的货币发行权、公共投资收益权、政府采购决定权以及劳动力定价权、征税权、财政补贴决定权、社会保障支出权、税式支出权等一系列权力,可以提炼为公平分配促进权,包括基础性权能和调控性权能的二重结构,各种权力协调运行有助于促进社会财富公平分配。     

信用的权利化及其民法保护

在我国，信用权利化的提出有着特定的立法背景。通过对信用法律调整历史沿革的考察可以发现，信用的内涵是不断发展变化的，从最初关注主体在伦理道德方面信守承诺的情况，扩展到主体的综合经济能力。现代民法对信用的调整以社会对主体的信用评价为核心，信用作为社会对主体综合经济能力的评价，已非主体性要素，且已从“内在化的伦理价值”外化为“客体化的人格要素”，成为一种具有典型性、独立性的人格要素。因此，有必要也能够将信用权利化为具体的人格权，以确保民事主体获得客观公正的信用评价。     

Digital Wiretap Warrant: Improving the security of ETSI Lawful Interception

Lawful Interception (LI) of data communications is an essential tool for Law Enforcement Agencies (LEA) in order to investigate criminal activities carried out or coordinated by means of Internet. However, the ability to secretly monitor the activities of citizens also has a great impact on civil rights. Therefore, democratic societies must prevent abuse and ensure that LI is only employed in specific cases with justifiable grounds or a probable cause. Nowadays, in many countries each interception must be authorized by a wiretap warrant, usually issued by a judge. However, this wiretap warrant is merely an administrative document that should be checked by the network or service operator before enabling the monitoring of its customers, whose communications are later handed over to a LEA in plaintext. This paper proposes the idea of employing a Digital Wiretap Warrant (DWW), which further protects the civil liberties, security and privacy of LI by ensuring that monitoring devices can only be enabled with a valid DWW, and by encrypting the captured data so only the authorized LEA is able to decrypt those communications. Moreover, in the proposed DWW framework all digital evidence is securely time-stamped and signed, thus guaranteeing that it has not been tampered with, and that a proper chain of custody has been met. In particular this paper proposes how to apply the DWW concept to the lawful interception framework defined by the ETSI LI Technical Committee, and evaluates how the additional security mechanisms could impact the performance and storage costs of a LI platform.     

我国海上犯罪体系亟需健全与完善

我国海上犯罪体系指由国际刑法规范和我国刑法规范所调整的各种具体涉海犯罪构成的统一体。我国现行海上犯罪体系存在诸多缺陷和不足,难以适应我国实施海洋发展战略、履行国际条约义务和维护我国海洋权益之需要,亟需健全与完善。     

中国国际海底区域开发立法探析

"区域"开发对国家具有重要的战略意义,但我国缺乏调整"区域"开发的国内立法。法律的缺失于我国"区域"开发的发展不利,也无助于我国在国际海底管理局及有关规章的制定中发挥更大作用,更有可能引发国家责任。以《联合国海洋法公约》为主体的"区域"法律制度,为我国"区域"开发立法提供了法律依据,也为我国"区域"开发立法应遵循的原则提供了指引。采用专门立法来调整"区域"内的活动是国际上通行的模式,也更加符合我国的实际情况,因而应为我国所采纳,以推动我国履行该《公约》赋予的义务,提升我国在"区域"国际法规则制定中的话语权,规范我国在"区域"内的活动,维护与拓展我国在"区域"的利益。     

Community-based Justice and the Protection of Women＇s Rights： A Case of Woman Pursuing Separation in the Republic of China

女权保护不仅是立法的任务，更须在司法中得到落实，如何适用法律对妇女权利保护至关重要。在民国一起妇女诉请别居案中，虽然《中华民国民法》并未规定别居制度，按照民法传统理论，当事人不能享有诉请别居的诉权。然而在南京国民政府时期，司法官秉持社会本位司法理念，突破法律常规，以保护妇女权利的社会价值共识指导司法过程，赋予妇女诉请别居的诉权，并在别居后的权利义务安排上予以照顾，从而使妇女权利得到了保护。