Using Named Entities for Computer‐Automated Verbal Deception Detection

There is an increasing demand for automated verbal deception detection systems. We propose named entity recognition (NER; i.e., the automatic identification and extraction of information from text) to model three established theoretical principles: (i) truth tellers provide accounts that are richer in detail, (ii) contain more contextual references (specific persons, locations, and times), and (iii) deceivers tend to withhold potentially checkable information. We test whether NER captures these theoretical concepts and can automatically identify truthful versus deceptive hotel reviews. We extracted the proportion of named entities with two NER tools (spaCy and Stanford's NER) and compared the discriminative ability to a lexicon word count approach (LIWC) and a measure of sentence specificity (speciteller). Named entities discriminated truthful from deceptive hotel reviews above chance level, and outperformed the lexicon approach and sentence specificity. This investigation suggests that named entities may be a useful addition to existing automated verbal deception detection approaches.     

Revisiting country of origin principle: Challenges related to regulating e-commerce in the European Union

The article analyses the country of origin principle of information society services in the light of harmonisation and unification efforts undertaken by the European lawgiver. Although the country of origin principle remains the key element of the construction of freedom to provide information society services, the principle itself suffers a number of both explicit and implicit restrictions which render its practical application a serious challenge. The difficulty is posed by the fact that the Electronic Commerce Directive fails to expressly specify both the scope of harmonisation as regards the principle, and the level of harmonisation of the directive itself. Furthermore, it is understood differently by private international lawyers. In the eDate Advertising case the ECJ ruled that the principle is not a conflict-of-laws rule, neither does it require implementation to the national legal systems in this shape. This is not to mean, however, that the debate over the function of the country of origin principle in private international law is over. Last but not least, there are many different types of country of origin principles applicable to various types of services provided via the Internet. This multitude of country of origin principles is perhaps the greatest weakness the regulatory approach adopted by the European lawmaker.     

Rethinking the notion of hosting in the aftermath of Delfi: Shifting from liability to responsibility?

Liability of Internet intermediaries for a third-party content is a complex topic, especially with regards to the storage of illegal or harmful postings offered by portals. The E-Commerce Directive offered a liberal framework for handling such cases, provided that a hosting service provider has not played an active role in content management. Being passive turned out to be the key precondition for immunity under safe harbour provisions. Yet, after the Delfi ruling the legal landscape has changed radically. Although the judgment of the Strasbourg tribunal has been dismissed in some jurisdictions as an error or one-off case, the truth is that it took into account acquis communautaire and imposed liability on the news portal, which followed the guidelines of Google France and eBay rulings. Given the lack of predictability of the current legal framework, the aim of this contribution is to offer a deep-dive into the notion of hosting from a technical perspective in order to better understand why Articles 14–15 of the E-Commerce Directive may require a re-examination. It is also submitted that portals and other online service providers relying on a broad construction of safe harbours should be entitled to Good Samaritan protection akin to section 230 of the American Communications Decency Act in order not to hold them liable for being active in fighting hate speech and other forms of illegal and harmful conduct.     

高效液相色谱法同时测定脑络欣通复方提取物中三七皂苷和人参皂苷含量

目的 建立同时测定中药复方脑络欣通提取物中三七皂苷R1,人参皂苷Rb1、Rg1、Rd、Re的高效液相色谱法分析方法,为脑络欣通制剂的质量控制提供依据。方法 采用Welch Materials C8色谱柱（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）,选择乙腈-水作为流动相,进行梯度洗脱,流速1.2 ml/min,检测波长为203 nm,柱温20 ℃。结果 三七皂苷R1,人参皂苷Rb1、Rg1、Rd、Re分别在0.081 7~0.980 4（r=0.999 9）、0.315 7~3.788 4（r=0.999 9）、0.300 0~3.600 0（r=0.999 6）、0.077 7~0.932 4（r=0.999 9）、0.074 6~0.895 2（r=0.999 9）μg与峰面积呈良好的线性关系;平均回收率分别为99.72%、99.65%、101.23%、99.38%、100.62%（n=6）。结论 所建立的高效液相色谱方法简单方便、准确可靠,5种物质分离度佳、重复性好,可用于中药复方脑络欣通的质量控制。     

高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射法检测芪白平肺胶囊中3种人参皂苷含量

目的 采用高效液相色谱仪-蒸发光散射检测器(high performance liquid chromatography-evaporative light scattering detector, HPLC-ELSD)建立芪白平肺胶囊中人参皂苷Rg1、Re和Rb1的含量测定方法。方法 采用色谱柱为Hypersil ODS XB-C8柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm)和Hypersil ODS XB-C18柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm),以乙腈为流动相A、以水为流动相B进行梯度洗脱;洗脱程序(0～40 min,A 19%;40～55 min,A 19%～40%),流速为1.2 ml/min,柱温为30 ℃。ELSD参数优化：漂移管温度分别设为50、70、90、110 ℃,载气流量分别为1.0、1.2、1.4、1.6 L/min。结果 通过对比研究,最终采用Hypersil ODS XB-C8柱作为分析柱,漂移管温度为90 ℃,载气流量为1.2 L/min时,3种人参皂苷的含量检测结果最佳。人参皂苷Rg1、Re和Rb1的加样回收率分别为98.3%、99.1%、101.8%,RSD分别为0.67%、1.03%、1.22%。结论 所选择的色谱柱和优化的ELSD参数可准确测定芪白平肺胶囊中3种人参皂苷的含量,且重现性好。