公私合作行为的行政法实证分析——以“治安承包”为中心考察

现代行政国家行政任务不断增加,行政机关为完成行政任务,不得不同私人部门合作,公私合作兴起。公私合作行为是弥补公私合作背景下传统行政行为形式的不足而孕育产生一种新型的行政行为,主要体现为行政契约和私法上的契约。通过“治安承包”这种典型的公私合作行为形式的行政法实证分析,以期达到考察公私合作行为的法律形式。     

我国《物权法》登记对抗与登记生效模式并存思考

作为公示的一种重要方式,登记规则在物权法尤其是在不动产物权变动中有着相当重要的分量。我国在物权变动登记规则的问题上实际上采取了登记对抗模式与登记生效模式并存的做法,但其立法理由经不起推敲。登记对抗模式与登记生效模式共存的问题在本质上是物权变动的意思主义和形式主义共存的问题。而登记对抗模式及其背后所反映的意思主义物权变动模式与物债二分的五编制民法体系不相协调。未来立法终将并且必须贯彻登记生效模式以与现有物债二分的民法体系相协调。     

美国侵权法中的纯粹经济损失解读

纯粹经济损失问题是美国侵权法领域的热点问题之一,它的解决主要依据一般过失侵权规则和经济损失规则两种方法。作为占主导地位的规则,经济损失规则源于法院对缺陷产品引起纯粹经济损失案件的判决,现在已经广泛适用于一般过失侵权领域。经济损失规则的理论依据主要包括维持侵权法与合同法的界限、合同优先理论、＂诉讼洪闸＂理论和社会成本理论。经济损失规则在服务合同、过失误述等特殊情况下的适用例外,在不同的州得到不同程度的承认。总体而言,美国侵权法在纯粹经济损失问题上达成了尚不稳定的一致,相关的判例及学说仍在不断发展之中。     

法官对专家辅助人意见的采信与心证形成的路径分析

2012年《民事诉讼法》规定了专家辅助人两种出庭情形:与鉴定人进行质证;对案件所涉专业问题发表意见。两种情形不仅在事实认定中承担着本证与反证的不同功能,其意见效力、法官采信的逻辑亦有差别。目前,专家辅助人意见在我国不属于法定证据,2015年《民事诉讼法司法解释》将其视为当事人陈述的规定,更加弱化其效力,导致实践中法官在采信专家意见时难以操作。因此,赋予专家辅助人合法的诉讼地位和法定证据效力,并对专家辅助人出庭的条件、资质要求、意见属性、法院审查标准等方面予以规定,不仅完善立法,也具有非常重要的实践意义。     

买卖合同的成立及其认定

合同的成立要件应当包括当事人、标的和合意,标的的数量和质量均为将标的特定化的因素,而非独立于标的的要件。《法释(2012)8号》对当事人提供送货单、收货单、结算单、发票以证明买卖合同已经成立的规定,笔者基本赞同,但主张类型化和区分签收人的身份而定;对对账确认函、债权确认书等函件、凭证的证据效力的认定,笔者表示赞同。意向书、备忘录依当事人的意思可有本约、预约和无积极的法律约束力的文件三种类型,《法释(2012)8号》仅仅注意到一种,因而合同编不应一刀切地吸收该种解释,而应视意思表示的具体情形而定。本约生效后相应的预约应该功成身退。违反预约的责任在绝大多数情况下不同于违反本约的责任,但鉴于确定违反预约的损害赔偿的数额特别难以确定,在个别场合可比照违反本约的赔偿范围确定违反预约的赔偿数额。当事人不履行预约项下的义务,在某些情况下可直接判决本约成立,在多数情况下只能判决损害赔偿。     

合同法上赔偿损失的请求权基础规范分析

我国合同法上规定有许多赔偿责任,但这些赔偿责任的规范基础不尽相同:有的以传统民法上的违约责任为规范基础,比如第97条规定的合同解除后的赔偿责任、第108条规定的逾期违约后的赔偿责任、第110条规定的继续履行后的赔偿责任、第107条及113条规定的赔偿责任等;有的则属于独立的责任规范基础,例如第42条、43条、58条等属于缔约过失责任规范的范畴;第122条属于加害给付的范畴。第48条规定的无权代理人的赔偿责任之请求权基础应解释为缔约过失更为合理;第406条及425条规定的赔偿责任制规范基础解释为违约责任更为合适。第189条的赔偿责任实际上是赠与合同不能履行的赔偿责任,属于违约责任;第191条规定的赔偿责任中。     

Evaluating Brazilian South–South Cooperation in Haiti

I focus on evaluating Brazilian development and humanitarian cooperation in Haiti to answer how emerging providers such as Brazil are contributing to global development through cooperation. The paper establishes criteria for evaluation, arguing that global standards for aid effectiveness need to be expanded. I argue that when assessed on ownership, efficiency and sustainability, cooperation holds several advantages and limits, such as misplaced assumptions that Brazil’s approach is appropriate elsewhere. The discussion is rooted in the context of Haiti in order to underline how outcomes are not pre-determined, but rather depend on the model’s interaction with the partner context.     

Government,Effectiveness, Performance,and Local Property Values

Abstract

We offer a practical measure of local government effectiveness in the provision of public services relating service expenditures to aggregate property value. Building on the work of Brueckner (1979 Brueckner, J. K. 1979. Property values, local public expenditure, and economic efficiency. Journal of Public Economics, 11: 223–246.  [Google Scholar], 1982 Brueckner, J. K. 1982. A test for allocative efficiency in the local public sector. Journal of Public Economics, 19: 311–331. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], 1983 Brueckner, J. K. 1983. Property value maximization and public sector efficiency. Journal of Urban Economics., 14: 1–16.  [Google Scholar]) and Henderson (1990, 1995) we present an aggregate property value maximization model where levels of local public services are capitalized into aggregate property values. Using data for Wisconsin municipalities we demonstrate that service expenditure levels, and simultaneously corresponding taxation levels, are suboptimal and should be increased. The aggregate property value maximization test suggests that local public services in Wisconsin are consistently under-provided. By monitoring local property values officials can objectively measure if public services are being provided in an optimal manner.     

Determinants of Government Effectiveness

The direct relationship between government effectiveness and the population's well-being has generated a growing interest about the explanatory factors of governance quality. Thus, the aim of this study is to determine the determinants of government effectiveness, in relation to the organizational environment and political and internal characteristics of public administrations. For this, we used a sample composed by 202 countries observed between 2002 and 2008. A World Bank governance indicator represents the government effectiveness. We estimated a panel data dependence model by the Generalized Method of Moments estimator to avoid heterogeneity and endogeneity problems. Furthermore, a CHAID algorithm provides a classification of governance quality according to the predicted determinants.

The results show that government effectiveness is initially explained by the organizational environment, related to economic development and educational status. Later, and according to countries’ income distribution, political constrains and some organizational characteristics, such as gender diversity and government size, may improve governance quality.     

地方政府有效引导网络舆论思考

网络舆论的日益发展和兴起给地方政府带来了新的挑战和考验,网络舆论引导成为地方政府面临的新课题。尽管地方政府非常重视网络舆论引导,但在重视程度和引导效果方面依然存在差距,普遍存在网络舆论引导效果不彰的问题。因此,不断增强地方政府网络舆论引导性的有效性是各级地方政府亟待解决的问题。