The Shadow Price of Social Change and Its Evaluation

This paper analyzes the “shadow price” of social transformation. For the first time, an attempt was made to determine the approaches to measuring this value with regard to nonmarket phenomena and processes, and to apply these approaches in an empirical analysis, based on a representative survey in Russia (N = 1,000) using experimental situations.

Specifically, it quantitatively evaluates (1) the degree of divergence between the real and the ideal structure of the time budget of several important domains of social life; (2) the ratio of social ills to social benefits; (3) individual public welfare functions; and (4) the social cost, legitimated by citizens, of reproducing two fundamental public goods: “the capacity to maintain ‘superpower’ status” and “the well-being of the future generations.”

The authors introduce and operationalize the novel concept of the socially suboptimal product of labor, that is, the product resulting from alienated (or unwilling) labor, and conversely, the product that could potentially result from using unutilized willing labor. In doing so we support the idea of distinguishing productive and unproductive forms within both the notion of labor and the notion of leisure. Aggregated estimates of these values show the share of gross domestic product (GDP) that could be optimized due to a redistribution of the time budget of the population between the main areas of life, according to ideal social preferences.

The balance of social benefits and social ills resulting from the life experiences and activities of individuals is empirically evaluated. We consider this balance, which is the sum of impacts of the social environment on the individual, as a suitable model for explaining how individuals make decisions about whether or not to participate in public life.

“Individual public welfare functions” are assessed empirically, demonstrating that individual utility depends on personal and collective consumption. Empirical testing covered a wide range of nation-building areas with public investment in relevant types of merit and public goods.

Then the authors propose and test on empirical data an opportunity cost approach to evaluating socially legitimate amounts of funding for the fundamental social benefits “superpower” or “additional power” of the nation.

The cost of the public good “well-being of the future generations” is calculated for the Russian sample.

Finally, the estimates of the discount rates of human lives and “healthy and prosperous years of life” were obtained for Russia for the first time.

The findings of the study are relevant for the efficient management of complex socioeconomic systems. The authors strongly believe that revealing the structure of existing social preferences and estimating their impact on various areas of social life will help improve policymaking by explicitly taking into account the specifics of the real social contract between the state and society.     

人事保证的法律适用及立法选择

现今社会的信任危机导致人事保证在实践中被大量地运用并发生许多纠纷,由于缺乏明确的法律规范,理论界对人事保证制度众说纷纭,实务界对人事保证制度亦莫衷一是。考虑到我国的现实国情以及立法的精神,我国不应构建人事保证制度,在人事保证制度完全被雇员忠诚信用保证保险制度取代之前,实务中宜用无名合同的规则来严格认定人事保证合同的法律效力。     

开展土地承包经营权抵押的法律建议

土地承包经营权抵押是农村产权流转改革的必要组成部分,具有现实需求与可行性。但目前我国法律对其有着相当程度的限制．实践试点中也集中反映出目前法律制度对土地承包经营权抵押支持不足的问题。建议在立法上修改不必要的限制,同时通过修改相关法律规定、建立农村土地承包经营权流转服务中心、引进专业中介机构服务、出台金融扶持政策等多种渠道完善相关法律制度,切实保障农民的合法权益。     

民事申诉案件和解制度探析

民事申诉和解在本质上属于民法意义上的契约,和解协议的效力可以从实体法和程序法两方面进行分析。民事申诉和解与法院既判力的关系,包括两个方面：一是和解协议具有民事契约的请求力是否违背＂禁止重复起诉＂原理;二是如何协调民事申诉和解之诉与法院既判之诉之间的冲突。全方位构建民事申诉和解制度,明确应遵循的基本原则、适用范围。     

建立契约制婚姻的哲学思考

爱情是我国婚姻法制度的预设前提,也是婚姻法力求实现的目标。然而从婚姻制度的实践来看,这样的婚姻制度并不足以维护婚姻的稳定和和谐,而契约制婚姻能够实现这个目标。     

论不动产买卖合同的效力、登记及所有权转移

在我国不动产买卖中,不动产买卖合同成立生效和不动产买卖登记之间的时间差导致不动产买卖交易中不动产合同生效和所有权转移时间上的不一致。虽然我国立法至今没有对物权行为做出明确的规定,甚至连理论界还对此有所争议,但交易中用物权行为和债权行为的分离理论来分析此问题却是事半功倍。采取不动产登记要件主义或不动产登记对抗主义和所有权的转移更有着直接的联系,但无论采取哪一种主义,在出卖人信用不好、违约成风的情况下都不能有效的保证在先交易的安全,即都不能有效防止一物数卖。本文以为,建立有效的不动产登记与查询制度,尽量缩短合同成立生效与登记行为的时间差才是当务之急。     

合同编解除制度的完善

合同解除既是合同权利义务消灭的原因,也是违约救济的重要方式,是我国民法典合同编制定过程中应当重点规定的法律制度。虽然《合同法》所规定的合同解除制度基本适应了我国市场经济的发展需要,但仍有需要完善之处。我国民法典合同编应当进一步明确法定解除权的主体,完善法定解除的条件,细化合同解除的规则,明确合同解除的效力,以更好地适应市场交易和司法实践发展的需要。     

民法典合同编立法问题刍议

应整体考察合同编"室内稿",在充分认识其开创性成绩的同时,指出在法学方法及法政策方面可继续努力的方向。在具体制度上,既有欠缺书面形式、债务暂时无力偿还、合同保全、因第三人原因所致违约等等老问题,也有合同订立前单方允诺、网络订单、网购快递交付、"中介合同"等新问题,还有出租房屋优先购买权、建设工程施工合同无效等汲取司法解释经验入典带来的体系衔接问题,均需慎思。解约法等高难度的基础领域在法典编纂中,也不应错失反思、重构的契机。     

Evaluating the Violence Prevention Program: group and individual changes in aggression,anger, self-control,and empathy

While youth violence reduction program is a necessity to prevent long-term criminal and violent offending, its effectiveness in youth violent offenders is not well researched. This study investigated the effectiveness of the Violence Prevention Program (VPP) in addressing the aggression, anger, self-control, and empathy of youth violent offenders. One hundred and seventy youths (mean age 15.8 years) who completed VPP from 2008 to 2014 completed self-report measures on study outcomes both before and after the intervention. Repeated measures analyses revealed significant improvement in youths’ anger, aggression, and self-control at post-treatment, but changes in youths’ empathy were not significant. Subsequent analysis found that only youths with lower empathy scores at pre-treatment showed significant increase in empathy post-treatment. Overall, the results suggest that VPP can reduce aggression and mitigate the criminogenic needs of youth offenders. But its effect on empathy may be contingent on youths’ pre-treatment profiles. Limitations and implications for future studies are discussed.     

论现物要约制度在我国的建构

未经消费者订购而邮寄或投递商品 ,在大陆法系国家称之为现物要约 ,一般规定于有关消费者权益保护的法律法规中 ;在英国则通过单行法规加以规制 ,在我国 ,现仍处于法律调整的真空状态。为期消费者权益得以切实保护 ;无序的法律关系得以调整 ;商品交易更趋多样化 ,应借鉴大陆法系立法例并结合英国的立法经验 ,于消费者权益保护法内构建我国的现物要约制度