Integrating societal and psychological rules of entitlement: The basic task of each social actor and fundamental problem for the social sciences

A preliminary statement of a theoretical framework integrating psychological and societal determinants of justice in human affairs is presented. It is proposed that the social structure provides the rules of entitlement and decision making that regulate the course of routine social interaction. These societally based norms are representable in people's conscious thought processes. By contrast, the psychologically generated rules of entitlement, typically contradict conventionally accepted rules of thought and discourse and thus remain unconscious. The major part of the discussion considers the motivationally important circumstances that engage the unconscious psychologically compelling determinants and how their appearance in behavior is both shaped and legitimized by the situationally prevailing normative context. The final section considers some of the more important methodological, theoretical, and social policy implications of this social psychological theory of entitlements.     

How Surrogate Impact Panels Function in the Context of Intimate Partner Violence: A Mixed-Methods Study

ABSTRACT

Intimate partner violence (IPV) continues to be an urgent social problem, despite decades of intervention and prevention efforts. Restorative justice programs (e.g., victim impact panels) may be a useful addition to intimate partner violence (IPV) intervention, but it is unclear how these panels operate and to what extent they are consistent with restorative justice models. This naturalistic study of IPV surrogate impact panels used ethnographic observation of panels (n = 18), archival analysis of audience responses to the panel (N = 287), and focus groups and interviews (k = 4) with IPV survivors, an audience member, and batterer intervention providers to investigate these gaps. Findings suggest the panels manifest interactional processes consistent with restorative justice principles. Implications, limitations, and future aims of research on these panels are discussed.     

Unclogging Courts by Targeting Litigant Incentives: The Case of the Brazilian Labour Justice Reform

Overburdened courts hinder economic and social progress, yet successful court reforms are rare. Instead of boosting judicial resources or adapting procedure, Brazil tackled persistent backlogs and delays in its labour courts by replacing the pre-existing each-pays-their-own-costs (American) rule for allocation of litigation expenses with an alternative loser-pays-all (English) rule. Using a newly assembled court-level panel dataset and difference-in-differences approach, we show that the reform alleviated the courts' demand pressures and, most importantly, increased court efficacy in both adjudication and enforcement. The Brazilian experience offers valuable policy lessons about viable court reforms for other jurisdictions.     

西方非营利组织理论述评

本文评述了当前西方非营利组织研究的主要理论 ,包括政府失灵理论、合约失灵理论、第三方管理理论、政府与非营利部门关系类型学以及政府、市场、志愿部门相互依赖理论。在此基础上 ,文章认为 ,现有的西方理论在解释中国非营利组织的生成和运作时还存在着理论上的局限性。因此通过精细的实证研究 ,发展出更具解释力的理论是非常必要的。     

形式正义:刑事侦查的程序价值分析

刑事侦查程序不仅应当具有致成自由、秩序等的实体性价值 ,而且应当具有独立、中立、平等、参与、科学等程序性价值或者说形式价值。我们在构建公正、科学的现代刑事侦查制度时 ,必须充分关注和考量刑事侦查程序的形式正义性     

侵权行为法归责原则演进的法理学思考

侵权行为法归责原则的演进适应了民法从个人主义本位向社会本位的转变。演进的过程从个人的视角观察,实现了人的解放与发展;从社会发展的角度看,体现了以效率为追求的进化性发展路径。归责原则的演进实现了司法视角的转换,但无过错责任原则并没有否定矫正正义的价值取向。     

美国不当搜查对策体系析解

经过两百多年的发展,美国建立了相当发达的不当搜查对策体系。不当搜查对策体系确立的基础是国家的诉讼价值取向及社会对“正义误差”的认知层次,正是确立基础的变化决定了不当搜查对策体系发展和完善的方向。     

司法不公与犯罪控制

从犯罪学的角度 ,审视社会公正与司法公正 ,打击与防范的内涵及关系 ,探讨立法公正与法律系统的合理性、司法人员素质与司法环境、司法调控机制与公正标准等同司法公正的相关性 ,并从民主政治中寻求司法公正和完善法制的途径 ,是防止司法不公和控制犯罪的重要手段。     

浅谈构建完整的司法公正理念

司法公正是实现社会正义的必然要求,建立完整的司法公正理念则是司法公正的前提和基础:司法公正包含法律正义和公正司法两个方面,其中,法律正义是公正司法的起点和归宿,公正司法则是法律正义的实现方式。法治信仰、法律权威、法制统一、司法公开、司法独立等作为司法公正的重要内容,它们相互联系,相互补充,缺一不可,有机构成了我国完整的司法公正理念。     

防止警察滥用权力

警察权在一个社会中的实际运作状态,在相当程度上标志着这个社会文明的发展水平。警察权力与公民权利在一定条件下成反比例关系,即警察权的扩大意味着公民权利的缩小,警察权力的滥用往往使公民权利化为乌有。警察执法活动中的违法违纪问题和滥用职权等腐败现象已成为社会关注的一个焦点。在现代法治国家,为保障公民基本权利,应以法治的理念重新审视警察权,并以法治原则和观念指导警察权的设立和行使。