冠心病猝死冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块病理形态学观察

目的观察冠心病猝死(SCD)和对照组心冠状动脉(CA)粥样硬化斑块的差异,探讨其在SCD中的意义。方法从本教研室2001年~2003年尸检档案中挑选64例有严重CA粥样硬化病变的病例及心脏标本,分SCD组(36例)和对照组(28例冠心病非猝死者)。除常规检查心脏外,重点检查CA左主干(LM)、左前降支(LAD)、左旋支(LC)和右主支(RM)的开口、类型、走向及粥样硬化斑块情况。每支CA分近、中、远3段,检测每个斑块距开口的距离、狭窄程度、长度、数目和形状(分偏心、环形、偏心+环形三种)。用SPSS11.5统计软件进行统计分析。结果SCD组中CA粥样硬化病变4级21例,3级15例;对照组4级12例,3级16例。两组斑块病变的严重程度无显著性差异(P>0.05)。SCD组粥样斑块长(x-2.0365 cm)、以CA近段较多、与CA开口或分支处的距离近(x-0.7457 cm);对照组斑块短(x-1.4283 cm)、以中段多见,与CA开口或分叉处的距离远(x-2.1942 cm);两组斑块的长度和距开口的距离均有非常显著性差异(P<0.01)。两组间斑块的形状在LAD和RM有显著性差异(P<0.05),而LM和LC则无(P>0.05)。结论SCD与冠心病非猝死者的CA粥样硬化斑块在部位、长度、形状和距CA开口的距离存在差异,而狭窄程度无差异。这对SCD的病理诊断和法医学鉴定具有十分重要的意义。     

双峰驼肾动脉血管分布的铸型观察

运用管道铸型技术以及扫描电镜技术对双峰驼肾动脉血管进行了系统观察。结果显示,双峰驼肾动脉在入肾门前约4~8 cm处分为背干和腹干,入肾后在肾窦内相继形成肾段动脉。左右两肾段动脉的分支分布各有特点,各段动脉分支延伸至肾的皮髓交界处,形成弓形动脉;弓形动脉是叶间动脉的延续,并不与肾表面相平行;肾血管球以及出、入球微动脉因分布区域的不同,形态结构也不尽一致。表明,双峰驼肾各段动脉分布的规律性强,段动脉分支之间没有吻合支存在;肾各部位的血管球随分布区域的不同,其形态结构也呈现一定的变化。     

Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection: Case Report and Literature Review

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is a rare cause of acute myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death. It occurs most commonly in otherwise healthy women during pregnancy or the postpartum period. The true incidence of SCAD is underestimated, as most cases are diagnosed at autopsy. The pathophysiology of SCAD is still not fully understood, and its management can be challenging. This report describes a 35‐year‐old pregnant female who presented with an acute antero‐lateral ST elevation secondary to spontaneous dissection of the left anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery. The diagnosis was established by coronary artery angiography. However, the patient died following cardiac tamponade. The examination of this case represented a starting point for the reviewing of the diagnosis, clinical course, and management of SCAD, and for the placing of this in context with the existing literature. This study highlights the importance of prompt diagnosis and subsequent lifesaving treatment.     

Eosinophilic Coronary Periarteritis with Arterial Dissection: The Mast Cell Hypothesis

A subset of coronary arterial dissections is associated with eosinophilic coronary periarteritis (ECPA); however, the pathogenesis of the process remains unclear. Mast cells normally reside in coronary arterial adventitia and are known mediators of eosinophilic inflammatory conditions such as type I hypersensitivity reactions. We report two cases in which coronary arterial dissection with ECPA was detected at autopsy. Tryptase, CD68, CD4, CD8, and CD1a immunohistochemical staining was performed to better characterize inflammation. While eosinophils represented a prominent periadventitial inflammatory cell, there were slightly more lymphocytes: CD4/CD8 ratios were within expected reference ranges. There were moderate numbers of macrophages, and few neutrophils or dendritic cells. Numbers of mast cells in dissected versus nondissected sections were compared: adventitial mast cell densities were threefold higher in dissected portions and showed a trend toward increased degranulation. These findings suggest that mast cells may play a role in orchestrating inflammation in cases of ECPA.     

实验性兔羊水栓塞血浆NO和ET的含量变化

目的观察兔羊水栓塞(AFE)后血浆一氧化氮(NO)、内皮素(ET)含量的动态变化。方法采用怀孕家兔制作羊水栓塞动物模型,将不同性质的自身羊水注入兔血循环,分别在羊水注入前、注入后5min、45min从兔心脏取血,用镉还原法、放射免疫分析(RIA)法分别检测血浆中NO和ET的动态变化。结果注入羊水后ET含量显著增加,NO含量则显著降低,对照组无显著变化。NO与ET含量变化呈显著负相关。结论NO、ET的动态变化在羊水栓塞早期的一过性肺动脉高压及随后发生的DIC等过程中起重要作用。     

16例肺血栓栓塞猝死的法医学分析和临床研究

目的分析肺动脉血栓栓塞（pulmonary thromboembolism,PTE）猝死的法医病理学特点,探讨医疗过程中发生PTE的危险因素,为临床预防、治疗提供帮助。方法对本市2002年至2009年16例PTE猝死案件进行回顾性分析。结果每例均至少存在1项已知的高危因素,其中外伤12例,慢性疾病长期卧床1例,手术3例;发病到死亡的时间平均为1.2h,6例≤1h,3例≤12h。结论对于高龄（≥40岁）外伤或手术患者,预防、早期诊断和治疗PTE对于患者的生命至关重要,发现深静脉血栓形成者应采取紧急手段处理栓塞,谨防发生PTE致猝死。     

Amniotic fluid embolism-apropos two consecutive cases

Amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) is a sporadic, unpredictable, and usual fatal obstetric complication. The paper deals with two cases of maternal deaths because of AFE verified by medicolegal autopsy. In both the cases, several known risk factors associated with AFE, such as increased maternal age (41 and 35 years), diabetes, augmented labor, and cesarean delivery, were identified. Clinical features were typical, including sudden onset of cardiovascular and respiratory symptoms. In the patient who survived longer, both clinical and autopsy signs of disseminated intravascular coagulopathy were present, while they were absent in the case where death occurred rapidly. This paper describes briefly the particular features to look for at autopsy and stresses the importance of histology examination and staining techniques.     

Infant death due to air embolism from peripheral venous infusion

An otherwise healthy male infant was brought to the hospital because the mother suspected superficial infection at the operative site 5 days after an inguinal hernia repair. He was admitted to the pediatric unit overnight to be evaluated by his surgeon the next morning. When a venous infusion of maintenance fluids was started, the patient immediately went into cardio-respiratory arrest and was pronounced dead after resuscitation efforts failed. Subsequently, air collections were found in both venous and arterial circulations, including the splenoportal system. Detailed review of the clinical presentation and course, laboratory results, radiological, and pathological findings, along with a review of pertinent literature provides an explanation for the death by air embolism. Apparent inconsistent findings both radiographically and at autopsy are resolved. The mechanism of distribution of air to both systemic and splenoportal circulation is discussed. We believe this to be only the eighth case reported in English-language literature of infantile death from peripheral venous infusion. In all age groups, we find only six other cases in the English-language literature of gas found concomitantly in both the systemic and portal venous systems.     

Bear attack--A unique fatality in Finland

Fatalities due to animal bites, the vast majority of which are associated with dogs and big cats, are relatively uncommon and rarely described in the literature. Especially rare are fatal bear attacks on humans. We herein present a forensic investigation of a fatal assault, involving numerous bites on a 42-year-old man in Finland by an European brown bear (Ursus arctos arctos).     

Two consecutive fatal cases of acute myocardial infarction caused by free floating thrombus in the ascending aorta and review of literature

Free floating thrombus in the ascending aorta is an uncommon source of acute myocardial infarction. We report on two cases of young women who died of acute myocardial infarction caused by a free floating thrombus in the sinus of Valsalva obstructing the coronary arteries' ostia. The first case reports on a 30-year-old pregnant woman who anamnestically had episodes with short loss of consciousness and weakness. The second case presents a 37-year-old woman suffering from multiple sclerosis with no previous history of thrombotic events. The review of literature revealed a predominance of women (eight females and three males). Interestingly, the coronary arteries bear no preference concerning the right (RCA) or left coronary artery (LCA) being more often occluded by a free floating thrombus. Especially, younger women (mean age 45.5 years, range 30-59 years) with no history of cardiac symptoms and without atherosclerotic changes seem to be predispositioned. The hypothesis that thrombus formation in cases without plaque disruption may depend on an endothelial erosion which seems to be more common in younger women and promoted by a hyperthrombogenic state is supported by our two cases. A comprehensive literature search revealed, that these are the first two reports on a free floating thrombus being the cause of fatal acute myocardial infarction in a pregnant woman, respectively, a woman suffering from multiple sclerosis.