中风偏瘫的中医康复方法

中风后所致的功能障碍直接影响患者的生活质量,其中偏瘫对患者日常生活影响尤为严重。笔者在查阅文献的基础上,总结出中药疗法、针刺疗法、按摩疗法、薰洗疗法等中医康复方法。     

AGE AND SEXUAL ASSAULT IN CORRECTIONAL FACILITIES: A BLOCKED OPPORTUNITY APPROACH*

We use data from the National Incident‐Based Reporting System (NIBRS) to examine the effects of age on the risk of sexual and physical assault in prisons and jails. Our evidence suggests that male inmates of all ages tend to sexually assault young men. The preference for the young is much stronger for sexual than for physical assault, which suggests that the young are sexually assaulted because of their sexual attractiveness rather than because of their vulnerability. We argue that the strong relationship between sexual attractiveness and age reduces opportunities for consensual sex among older inmates. As a result of blocked opportunities for consensual sex, older men are much more likely to commit sexual assault than one would expect, given the general tendency of young men to be more violent. Thus, the age–attractiveness relationship can parsimoniously explain the contrasting age patterns one observes for offenders and victims.     

A Hierarchical Analysis of Correctional Officers’ Procedural Justice Judgments of Correctional Institutions: Examining the Influence of Transformational Leadership

A substantial body of prior research has demonstrated the significant positive effect of organizational procedural justice on institutional policy compliance. However, research examining the antecedents of organizational procedural justice is only just beginning to emerge in the criminal justice literature. Due to the potential for institutional deviance and the importance of rule adherence among individuals in positions of authority, we believe it is important to investigate correctional officers’ procedural justice perceptions. As such, this study examines 929 correctional officers over 40 institutions to identify if criteria for fairness, leadership style, and officer and institutional characteristics influence officers’ perceptions of procedural justice. Results from hierarchical linear regression indicate that the ability to have a say in decisions, a sense that institutional rules are impartial, and perceptions that management leads through motivation and encouragement significantly increases correctional officers’ perceptions of procedural justice. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.     

不同干预方法对局灶性脑缺血大鼠内源性神经干细胞增殖的影响

目的:观察针刺、康复训练、针刺+康复训练对成年局灶性脑缺血大鼠的神经功能缺损评分及内源性神经干细胞(NSCs)增殖的影响.方法:采用线栓法制备大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞(MCAO)模型.并给予针刺、康复训练、针刺+康复训练干预,在缺血损伤后第4、7、14和21天,对大鼠进行神经功能缺损评分,同时应用Brdu免疫组化法观察再灌注损伤后大鼠NSCs增殖情况.结果:康复训练组、针刺组、针刺+康复训练组在术后第4、7、14、21天神经功能缺损评分比较,差异无显著性意义(P＞0.05);与造模组比较差异有显著性意义(P＜0.05).脑缺血后,第4、7、14、21天室管膜下区、缺血边缘区Brdu阳性细胞表达.第7天达高峰;第7天室管膜下区康复训练组和针刺组BrdU阳性细胞数显著高于相同时间段模型组(P＜0.05),针刺+康复训练组BrdU阳性细胞数显著高于相同时间段康复训练组和针刺组(P＜0.05);第14天和21天BrdU阳性细胞数在模型组、针刺组、康复训练组和针刺+康复训练组差异未见显著性意义(P＞0.05).结论:缺血性脑损伤后诱发内源性NSCs发生增殖.康复训练和针刺可增加局灶性脑缺血大鼠SVZ区内源性NSCs的增殖.     

A research note on the association between work–family conflict and job stress among Chinese prison staff

Job stress, which has been found to have numerous negative effects on U.S. correctional staff, occurs as a result of stressors in the work environment. Recent research in the U.S. suggests that work–family conflict (e.g. time-based conflict, strain-based conflict, behavior-based conflict, and family-based conflict) may contribute to job stress for correctional staff. This exploratory study examined how different dimensions of work–family conflict were associated with job stress by surveying 322 staff at 2 Chinese prisons, 1 for male inmates and 1 for female inmates, in Guangzhou. An Ordinary Least Squares regression equation was computed with the job stress index as the dependent variable, and the personal characteristics (i.e. age, tenure, gender, educational level, and marital status) and the four work–family conflict variables as the independent variables. The independent variables explained about 49% of the observed variance in the job stress variable. The personal characteristics, time-based conflict, and family-on-work conflict did not have a statistically significant association with job stress in the multivariate analysis, but both strain-based conflict and behavior-based conflict had negative associations.     

To Rehabilitate or Not to Rehabilitate

In this article, we review the recommendations on corrections made by the U.S. President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice under President Johnson in 1967 and compare these with the changes made in U.S. corrections over the past 50 years. Shortly after the Commission completed its report, dramatic changes occurred that impacted correctional policy and practice as support for law and order and correctional control moved corrections far from the Commission's recommendations for rehabilitation. The results of this research demonstrate that these approaches have not solved the nation's crime problems and have imposed hardships on individuals and communities. A current focus on evidence‐based corrections may provide a model for future decision making depending on whether the “times are ripe” for a return to a philosophy of rehabilitation. Any new commission will benefit from the research evidence that points to successful correctional interventions. Yet, there is much that still needs to be studied and learned. A new commission must be aware of and respond to the broader social conditions and beliefs and opinions of policy makers and the public that will influence receptivity to correctional reform. Recommendations should include clear guidelines for how research findings could be used to answer the still unanswered questions about rehabilitation interventions, as well as for how to ensure quality program delivery and public safety.     

Why call someone by what we don't want them to be? The ethics of labeling in forensic/correctional psychology

Labeling a person by their past behavior or a criminal conviction is commonplace throughout forensic and correctional psychology. Labels including ‘offender’ and ‘sex offender’ infiltrate academic writing and conference presentations, names of professional organizations and treatment programmes and, at times, traverse therapeutic work. That such labels are frequently used and rarely advocated against suggests that helping professionals either (i) don't recognize labeling as an ethical issue, or (ii) don't consider it their role to challenge. The current paper aims to encourage critical reflection on the use of labels in forensic and correctional psychology. Key concerns are illustrated through a focus on labels commonly assigned to individuals who have sexually abused, where labeling is especially prolific. The scope of labeling is reviewed, and implications for rehabilitation and reintegration discussed. Next, an analysis of the ethics of labeling individuals on the basis of criminal convictions, past behavior or psychological phenomena is presented. It is argued that the use of such labels contradict core ethical principles including beneficence and nonmaleficence, respect for the dignity of all persons, and responsibilities to society. A de-labelling movement for forensic/correctional psychology and related fields is proposed.     

Prison labor and recidivism

This study examines recidivism among inmates who participated in prison industry programs during confinement and a comparison group of inmates who were not employed in prison industry. Industry participants had lower recidivism rates than nonparticipants, but when differences between the groups on other characteristics associated with recidivism were controlled, the recidivism rates of participants and nonparticipants were virtually identical. A proportional hazards regression model was estimated that showed that, net of other variables, the effect of prison industry participation on the probability of postrelease felony arrest was small and insignificant. The findings are discussed in the context of existing correctional outcome research and recent developments in prison work programs.     

男、女戒毒劳教人员精神卫生状况的对照研究

目的采用目前较为成熟的人格、心理测量量表,研究戒毒劳教人员的人格特征、心理卫生状况。方法对16～61岁的508名戒毒劳教人员(其中男性258人,女性250人)进行MMPI、SCL-90的测试。结果MMPI测试显示男性戒毒劳教人员Hs、Pd、Pa、Pt、Sc、Ma均高于临界值,以Hs和Pa为最高;女性Hs、Pd、Pt、Sc均高于临界值,以Hs和Pd为最高。SCL-90测试显示戒毒劳教人员在各因子分上均高于中国常模,女性甚于男性。结论戒毒劳教人员普遍存在个性特征异常和心理卫生问题,男性者个性特征异常更为突出,女性者心理卫生状况尤其值得关注。     

对吸毒人员后续教育模式和生活方式的思考

减少吸毒人员,巩固禁吸戒毒成果,是当前我们急需要探索的路子,而对那些戒毒人员复吸问题和后续生存教育问题又成为摆在我们面前的一个新课题。经调查研究认为:降低复吸率,巩固戒毒成果需要营造一个“洁净”的社会环境,创造就业条件,组织培训劳动技能,使他们成为自食其力的劳动者,同时实行社区戒毒管理模式,加强公安机关维护社区的治安力量和加大对复吸者的惩处力度,从而改变目前“吸毒———强戒———复吸———劳教———再强戒”的恶性循环状态。