Considering the Effectiveness of Drug Treatment behind Bars: Findings from the South Carolina RSAT Evaluation

Through funding from the national Residential Substance Abuse Treatment Program, the South Carolina Department of Corrections implemented the Correctional Recovery Academy in the Turbeville Medium Security Institution to treat drug‐dependent offenders. The program features a cognitive–behavioral change modality delivered in a modified therapeutic community to first time, non‐violent, drug‐dependent, youthful male offenders. A quasi‐experimental design was employed to specify impact as indicated by recidivism, relapse, and parole revocation. While analyses revealed no statistically significant difference between treatment and control group participants on these outcome measures, implications regarding the efficacy of the treatment modality are ambiguous as implementation failure masked determination of program effects. Drug testing frequency after release, however, was found to be a significant factor precluding failure, contrary to the conventional view that increased testing identifies greater use.     

Psychosocial influences that motivate young offenders to engage in a non-custodial community intervention

Offender programmes do not fully consider how psychosocial factors influence individual engagement within interventions. While factors associated with offending behaviour are well-known, their influence on motivational engagement is not clear. The present study of 109 adolescent offenders in a non-custodial community intervention explored the influence of aggression, antisocial behaviour in the community, problematic and disruptive behaviour in school, and parental bonding and self-esteem on reported motivation to engage with a non-custodial intervention. Regression and correlational analysis revealed relationships between these variables and four subtypes of motivation (i.e. intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, identified regulation and amotivation), although results in respect of self-esteem were mixed. The findings highlight the multidimensional and complex nature of motivation, and support the need to internalise extrinsic motivations through the promotion of self-autonomy and competence within intervention programmes in order to maximise engagement.     

走出罪犯改造理论的“围城”——吴宗宪教授“罪犯改造的犯因性差异理论”述评

犯因性差异理论认为,犯罪是犯罪人存在犯因性差异的结果。这种理论指向具体的个体犯罪行为,而非整个社会的犯罪现象。它的基本内容包括犯因性互动观点和犯因性差异观点。犯因性差异理论的理论体系,不仅形成了具有自身特质的理论形态,而且以"犯因性"为核心,形成了这一理论特有的专业术语群,充分体现出了这一理论的自身特色。依据这一理论,将罪犯改造成为"守法公民"中的普通大众是合理目标,根据这个目标定位,在罪犯改造工作中,要努力把罪犯改造成为普通的守法公民。     

Effective Detention: The Development of a Policy

The Dutch Prison Service developed a new policy on indoor employment programmes. The development of this policy, the definition of these programmes and the chosen methodology of Individual Employment Counselling is described. Also some examples of good practice are given. We learned a great deal from good practice, from external advisors, from co-operation with partners like employers, probation services, local authorities and from comparable programmes in other European countries. The development of these programmes was supported by changes in the prison service, economic growth in the Netherlands, a new employment policy initiated by the Dutch government, and by sub-financing of the European Social Fund. Future challenges are: better matching of prisoners (their motivations, their capacities and handicaps) with the programmes, further development of co-operation with partners and the implementation of a good monitoring system.     

香港地区精神科中途宿舍服务及其对内地的启示

精神科中途宿舍是为精神病康复者提供的过渡性住宿服务，能帮助其通过住宿服务里的社区生活训练恢复正常生活，从而成功融入社会，是实现社区精神康复的一种新形式服务供给。文章介绍了香港地区精神科中途宿舍的发展历程及服务现状，指出其在政策、组织、理念等方面的经验优势，以及在离舍情况、专业人力、职业康复训练等方面面临的现实挑战。最后，基于香港精神科中途宿舍服务经验反思基础之上，从政策保障、组织培育、队伍建设、具体服务等方面对内地精神科中途宿舍发展提出了相关建议。     

The effectiveness of service work: An analysis of recidivism

The Israeli “service work” law of 1987 enables a court to commute prison sentences of up to 6 months to service work in the community. This paper examines the correctional effectiveness of this new sanction by comparing the rate of recidivism (over a period of 14 months) among 407 offenders sentenced to service work to that of 950 comparable offenders sentenced to imprisonment. As the research design is quasi-experimental, an adjustment for confounders is carried out using the propensity score (PS) methodology. The estimation of the odds ratio of recidivism with respect to sanction comprises two steps: (a) the PS, which is the conditional probability of assignment to a particular sanction given a set of confounders, is estimated by a logistic model; and (b) the conditional probability of recidivism, given the PS and other covariates, is estimated by a second model. The findings indicate that before an adjustment for the systematic differences between the two sanctions was carried out, the odds for recidivism among prisoners were 2.4 times higher than the odds for service workers. After the adjustment, the odds ratio was reduced to 1.7. This estimate indicates that the service work sanction has a considerable correctional effect. The need to address additional criteria for the effectiveness of service work (e.g., net-widening) is emphasized.     

戒毒康复专业办学的思考

本文对戒毒康复专业办学前景、办学思想、办学条件和专业招生与就业等问题进行了反思，认为戒毒康复专业办学有需求，有难度，只要我们脚踏实地办学，办出质量，办出水平，则本专业办学前景将十分广阔。     

中国合作社立法——向着本来意义的合作社回归

改革开放30年是中国合作社由集体所有制经济组织向着本来意义的合作社开始回归的30年,是中国的合作社立法逐步回归本来意义的合作社的30年。上世纪80年代初—90年代初,合作社改革起步,合作社立法试图走出集体所有制的误区;上世纪90年代初—本世纪初,合作社获得初步发展,立法开始向本来意义的合作社回归;本世纪初至今,农民专业合作社迅速发展,合作社立法初步回归到本来意义的合作社。未来合作社立法将在回归的路上继续走下去。     

公安机关插手经济纠纷的矫治对策

公安机关插手经济纠纷的现象由来已久，已成为理论界和实务界热议的话题。要从根本上矫治这一现象建议公安机关转换思维，谦抑执法，对经济案件综合研判，慎重定性，树立程序至上、保护人权的理念，廉洁执法，强化业务，同时完善相关立法、加强监督、实行责任追究制度。     

The Correctional Experiences of Youth in Adult and Juvenile Prisons

This article analyzes data from interviews with inmates to examine the correctional experiences of young men incarcerated through criminal (adult) courts in a large Northeastern state. The sample (N = 95) includes respondents from five correctional institutions; some of these inmates have been sentenced to adult department of corrections facilities, and some to juvenile facilities operated by the state's children's services bureau. Relative to the adult facilities, the juvenile facilities are smaller, have much lower inmate‐to‐staff ratios, and they place greater emphasis (in their official guidelines) on treatment, counseling, education, and mentoring of inmates. As a result, one might expect juvenile‐facility inmates to report a relatively more supportive, mentoring‐focused style of staff–inmate interactions than adult‐facility inmates. Yet surprisingly, inmates in adult facilities report better access to education and treatment/counseling services offered in their facilities.