Surrendering Solidarity

Abstract

Previous literature on women working in corrections suggests that male coworkers, supervisors, and inmates are hostile and resistant toward female correctional officers (COs). Although this research provides insight into the female CO position, these studies only contemplate the influence of male coworkers, supervisors, and inmates. Little research takes into account the impact that other women working in corrections have on the female CO position. This paper considers this missing link through two research questions. First, “How do female COs view other women in corrections?” and second, “In what ways do these viewpoints influence the female CO position?” Twelve in-depth interviews conducted with female COs are utilized to answer these questions. Results indicate that participants viewed other women in corrections negatively. These viewpoints influenced the female CO position by furthering the “ultra-masculine” nature of the prison that rewards masculinity and discourages femininity.     

企业合规计划有效性与举报人保护制度之构建——澳大利亚路径及其对中国的启示

传统的法人犯罪惩治机制建立在单一的刑罚威慑框架之下,其以膨胀刑法条文、严峻刑罚为主要手段,未能有效遏制日益突出的法人犯罪问题。基于对单一国家规制模式的反思,国外出现了以赋予合规计划诉讼及量刑意义为具体手段、旨在提升法人组织自主犯罪预防效率的各类立法与司法实践。企业法人组织是否依据其自身文化、所处行业及销售规模等“个性”因素,设计并执行一套用以鼓励成员个体对企业犯罪事实积极予以披露的举报人保护制度是鉴别具体合规计划是否有效的重要判断标准之一。通过对“合规计划”这一概念中的规范与社会性要素加以描述与强调,由澳大利亚证券交易所企业治理委员会制定的《企业治理原则与最佳操作指引》提升了合规计划妥善保护与激励举报人的整体能力,为我国法人犯罪治理的司法实践提供了全新思路。     

The Balanced Approach [Revisited]

The authors of the original Balanced Approach, Dennis Maloney, Dennis Romig, and Troy Armstrong, outlined a philosophy of balanced attention to the principles of community protection/public safety, youth accountability, and competency development through individualized assessment and treatment and holding the system accountable to the community and the youth served. A majority of states’ juvenile code purpose clauses reflect this approach, later known as Balanced and Restorative Justice (BARJ). Presented here are excerpts from the 1988 Juvenile & Family Court Journal issue 39 (3) that first presented the Balanced Approach and a brief overview of key features of juvenile justice at the time to lay a foundation for the other articles in this special issue.     

Facing drug problems and advancing sentence plan. Prisoners’ perspectives on drug treatment programmes in Finland

ABSTRACT

In Nordic countries, the rapid development of various prison-based drug treatment (PDT) programmes emerged in the mid-1990s, and this development can be viewed as a criminological shift towards a “new form” of penal welfarism combining control and rehabilitation in a revised form in a new era. This article examines PDT programmes from the prisoners’ perspective to analyse their motives to participate, experiences, and relationships with counsellors, guards, and prisoners. Data were collected from interviews of the prisoners and observations in three Finnish prisons. Both the motives connected to handling drug problems and those connected to gaining an advantage for the duration of time spent in prison were experienced simultaneously by participants. Prisoners made a clear distinction between guards and drug counsellors and were somewhat confused by staff roles that combined both rehabilitative and control features. These findings suggest that new hybrid roles already found among correctional staff seem to exist also for prisoners.     

"轻罪"之法价值取向与人身权利保护

从中外关于"轻罪"的不同语境及其确定涵义论起,指出国外学者视角上的中国的"轻罪",多指中国现行劳教体制所调控的诸种行为.进而阐述了近年来中国学界关于劳教制度存废之争的实质,指出改革论与废除论者本质上都是既要从形式上、又要从实质上改革现行劳教体制下的程序与实质不正义问题.因而改革论与废除论之间并无本质区别.进而,在阐述并评析了多种关于现行劳教体制的改革观之后,指出要解决劳教制度改革方案之争,须先行解决有关设计方案的价值取向问题.而各种改革之争,实质是功利主义优位还是人权保障优位之争.主张在不危及国家、社会根本利益前提下的"人权保障优位"的法价值观.指出单纯的"功利主义至上",势必导致功利而不公平、不公正,甚而有违法治的正义原则.而作为正义基本蕴涵的公民在一定社会经济条件下的最大限度的公平与自由,正是人权保障得以实现的基本路径和期寻方向.因而人权与正义并不必然冲突.惟其如此,在一定平衡条件下的"人权保障优位"的法价值观,值得作为我们重塑有关"轻罪"方案时的立法价值取向.在此基础上,进一步论证了改革现行劳教体制的法理思考和立法构想.     

International Trends in Prison Upsizing and Downsizing: In Search of Evidence of a Global Rehabilitation Revolution

Abstract

Our review of global trends in the use of incarceration reveals that both the number of people incarcerated worldwide and the global rate of incarceration continue to increase in every global region. In addition, there have been sizable global increases in the use of pretrial detention, the proportion of female prisoners, the proportion of foreign prisoners, prison privatization, and prison crowding. After reviewing these global trends, we examine the available data on correctional performance, focusing on global crime trends in the subgroup of countries (n = 20) where three-quarters of the world’s prison population is currently located. While most (17/20) of these countries continued to increase their prison population despite decreases in most crime categories, three countries—the Russian Federation, South Africa, and Pakistan—have reduced their reliance on incarceration (number and rate) while also reducing their crime rates. Compared to other countries with large prison populations, the United States’ overall increase in both the prison population (+14.4% since 2000) and incarceration rate (+2.2) can be described as modest. Our review of global trends in corrections and sentencing policy reforms revealed an emerging focus on offender rehabilitation in both prison and community corrections settings and a growing recognition of the link between community development and crime. Focusing on the potential impact of rehabilitation-rich policy reforms in the United States, we highlight the results of a recent simulation modeling study (Taxman & Pattavina, 2013 Pattavina, A., & Taxman, F. S. (2013). Using discrete-event simulation modeling to estimate the impact of RNR program implementation on recidivism levels. In F. S. Taxman & A. Pattavina (Eds.), Simulation strategies to reduce recidivism (pp. 267–281). New York, NY: Springer.[Crossref] , [Google Scholar]) designed to estimate the impact of expanding our institutional corrections treatment infrastructure. This study reported significant, but relatively small, long-term reductions in prison populations when treatment capacity and treatment quality are increased. These findings suggest that even major improvement in the quantity and quality of prison programming—by itself—will not fundamentally change the life course of prisoners, resulting in continued high return-to-prison rates for these offenders. We conclude that for the United States to significantly reduce its reliance on incarceration, we will need to rethink our approach to crime and punishment. Our global review of corrections and sentencing strategies identified a number of possibilities. Using the global incarceration rate and the global crime rate as benchmark performance “tipping points,” we call for the development of corrections and sentencing policies—and the hiring of corrections personnel—based on the new goal of corrections: individual and community rehabilitation.     

Putting a Price on Justice: How to Incentivize the Downsizing of Prison Populations

Abstract

We argue that the proximate reason the United States overuses prisons is that for local prosecutors and judges, sending offenders to prison is “free”; the state pays. By completely subsidizing prison use, states incentivize local overuse of prisons. State prisons in the United States are common pool resources, so options to managing common pool resources used in fisheries and environmental protection may have applications to corrections. We propose, for this purpose, seven options: six involve pricing systems and each having several variants. Each approach, in its own way, puts a price on justice. We also outline other changes in correctional and sentencing practices policy makers need to make to implement these approaches. We anticipate potential consequences, good and bad, of incentivizing justice. Finally, we fully expect our proposals to incur the ire of some political idealists on the right and the left. Nevertheless, for policy makers who are concerned about practical solutions to the grave injustices and high costs of mass incarcerations, our portfolio of options should be useful.     

浅议劳动教养社区矫正制度的建立

随着《违法行为矫治法》的即将出台,劳动教养将走向违法行为矫治,建立劳动教养社区矫正制度势在必行。当前,我国建立劳动教养社区矫正制度不仅非常必要而且也具有一定的可行性。因此,应当采取多种措施促使此项制度的建立和完善。