党章修改意义重大

十六大通过的党章,集中了全党的智慧,全面体现了“三个代表”重要思想和十六大报告中确立的重大理论观点和重大方针政策,总结了党的十五大以来建设中国特色社会主义实践中取得的重大成果和新鲜经验,对党的建设和党的领导提出了新要求,必将对今后一个时期党的工作和党的建设产生重大而深远的影响。     

消费者的法律范畴研讨

我国现行立法没有明确“消费者”的法律概念,学术界对该概念探讨也未形成统一观点。消费目的、消费主体及消费方式一直是主要争论点,为司法人员准确判定消费者的法律范畴带来困惑。文章根据2013年修订的《消费者权益保护法》的立法宗旨,对消费者法律范畴的判定提出了客观的、可以衡量的三个核心要素,即消费客体具有商品的价值属性、消费客体被终结性消费、消费主体个人化,以利于及时、有效、合理地保护消费者的合法权益,维护市场经济秩序。     

Democratising the military: Lessons from Mediterranean Europe

This article analyses the factors and processes involved in democratizing the armed forces of Spain, Greece and Portugal in the 1970s and 1980s. After a brief comparative review of the history of civil‐military relations in the three countries, the article examines the role of societal, institutional (military professional) and international factors in the democratisation process. The article concludes that military professionalism can be a stimulant to intervention and de‐intervention, depending on societal considerations and the perceptions of the military at a given time. Explanations accounting for military democratisation can be found at the level of value‐congruency between society (including the international arena) and the armed forces.     

‘Responsibilty’ as a strategy of governance: regulating people living with AIDS and lesbians and gay men in Ontario

This paper investigates responsibility/irresponsibility as an important regulatory strategy, in two instinct but interrelated social sites – people living with AIDS and HIV, and lesbians and gay men, especially within the Canadian province of Ontario. This responsibility/irresponsibility technique of governance is developing in response to the struggles of people with AIDS and community-based AIDS groups and lesbians and gay men and the alternative strategies of regulation articulated through these struggles. Practices of ‘resistance’ and activism alter the grounds of hegemonic regulation/governance and point towards new techniques of governance. I show how responsibilizing and normalizing strategies in the context of social struggles over AIDS and sexual regulation allows for those constructed as ‘responsible’ to be managed through forms of self-regulation and professional forms of goverance of their live. For those who continue to be constructed as ‘irresponsible’ forms of criminal law, policing and public health governance are called into action.     

Widows,children and assistance from society in urban Northern Europe 1890–1910

The increasing urbanisation and industrialisation of the late 19th century promoted migration of families and individuals into the growing towns. As a consequence the protective network of kinship and village was lost. In the process the access to household production was also severely decreased. After the death of a husband in a labourer's household the widow had to face a difficult situation. The aim of this paper is to assess the standard of living of poor widows in the Nordic countries. To estimate the proportion of intrafamilial contributions, the role of the wider kinship group and to calculate level of support from poor relief authorities and other possible sources.     

Patrilines,surnames, and family identity:

The Imperial decrees emancipating the serfs of the Russian Baltic provinces (1816–1820) included the requirement that serfs, who would now become free peasants and obtain legal standing, have both a first name and a surname, the latter of their own choosing. The article examines the process through which Baltic peasants obtained surnames and analyzes the choices they made. In the Pinkenhof estate, in the province of Livland, emancipated serfs most often chose surnames that reflected their place of residence, but also frequently chose names from the natural world, occupations, and other similar sources. The acquisition of surnames helped to consolidate family and lineage identity, which had been difficult in the pre-emancipation perion when individuals bore only a first name plus the name of the place in which they were currently residing, the latter changing as they moved.     

国际金融危机背景下俄罗斯低收入群体的生活水平

国际金融危机背景下,俄罗斯居民购买力下降,需求受到一定程度的抑制。低收入群体的生活水平低下,他们中多数人饮食质量变差、生活耐用品占有相对缺乏、基本的医疗救助不足、社会心理沉重。其生活水平是可被民众接受的最低标准。加强社会保障和就业安置并加大对社会低收入阶层等弱势群体的扶助力度,不断完善社会福利与救济制度,是俄政府当前面临的最大任务之一,同时也给我们一定的借鉴和启发。     

美国最低工资与生活工资制度比较

最低工资与生活工资共同构成了美国的工资保障制度,其中,最低工资是基础性机制,生活工资是对最低工资的有条件补充,二者在适用范围、工资水平、实施效果等方面均存在较大差异.美国最低工资与生活工资的实践表明,对于大国,建构多层工资保障制度将更有利于保障劳动者的工资权益.