侵犯知识产权刑事案件若干法律问题探讨

依据最高两院《关于办理侵犯知识产权刑事案件具体应用法律若干问题的解释》,科学认定“非法经营数额”、“销售金额”和“违法所得数额”是审理侵犯知识产权刑事案件准确定罪量刑的关键。同时,还应当注意区分侵犯知识产权犯罪与生产、销售伪劣产品犯罪之间及侵犯知识产权具体犯罪之间的牵连、竞合关系。从完善立法的角度考虑,严格限定侵犯商业秘密有关犯罪的犯罪对象、规范侵犯知识产权刑事案件的管辖权也是需要注意的问题。     

侦破绑架人质案的博弈论原则——以“3·8”特大持枪持械绑架人质案为例

在刑事侦查中,博弈论也有应用的广阔天地.以九江"3·8"特大持枪持械绑架人质案为例进行分析,该案的成功侦破从博弈全局和博弈战略的角度上来看,体现了博弈"全胜"、"先胜"和"制胜"的三大原则,从博弈局部和博弈战术角度来看,则体现了博弈"先知与主动"、"集兵与造势"、"击弱与出奇"、"应变与拙速"和"动敌与用地"五大原则.     

犯罪定义的疑惑与思考

我国刑法关于犯罪的定义中规定:犯罪是“应当受刑罚处罚的”行为,同时又规定犯罪“应当负刑事责任”。应当受刑罚处罚与应当负刑事责任的涵义不同,以致在司法实践中和学理上都令人产生疑惑。犯罪最基本的特征是行为具有一定的社会危害性,犯罪的法律特征中的“应受刑罚惩罚性”以“应负刑事责任性”取代更为确切。另外,在刑法中应将最低刑事责任年龄由已满十四周岁降为已满十三周岁。     

人权公约与生命权的刑法保护的比较研究

生命权是国际社会公认的基本人权。珍爱生命、保护生命权日益成为联合国国际人权公约和国际社会所致力追求的目标。刑法作为一国法律体系的重要组成部分,由于其保护法益的广泛性、重要性及其对违法行为制裁的严厉性,使得刑法对公民生命权的保护较之其他部门法而言更具举足轻重的意义。但就刑法对生命权的保护方式而言,中外刑法则主要通过对杀人罪的规定与限制和废除死刑两种"相对"的———或称"因果"的方式而完成的。从《公民权利与政治权利国际公约》的角度,就我国刑法对生命权的保护及其立法完善进行探讨,能使现行刑法较好较早地与国际人权公约接轨。     

我国《刑事诉讼法》中“预审”问题研究

预审制度在我国经历了曲折的发展历程,1997年公安部决定实行侦审合一以后,少数公安机关仍然坚持侦审分离,有些公安机关恢复或正在恢复独立的预审机构,<刑事诉讼法>正面临再次修改,应将预审制度保留,并进一步强化预审的职能.     

作为超法规违法阻却事由的习惯法--刑法视域下习惯法违法性判断机能之开辟

习惯法在刑法领域中,具有贯穿刑事立法与刑事司法之"横截式"作用与机能.本文的理论目标正在于,开辟和释放习惯法在违法性判断阶段之重要功能.在作者看来,习惯法完全可以作为超法规的违法阻却事由发挥作用,法官可以习惯法上之正当性,排除行为之实质违法性.这不但不与罪刑法定原则相违背,而且有利于保障被告人人权;不仅有利于以收缩的实质理性对抗扩张的形式理性,而且也应合了"社会相当性理论"和"社会危害性理论"--这一违法阻却事由的一般基础和实质违法性判断之根本标准.甚至,习惯法的引入,还将有力地深化和拓展我们对于"社会相当性"与"社会危害性"这一范畴的横向理解和空间理解.     

我国刑事审级制度的重新构建

刑事审级制度是一国司法制度的重要组成部分,它的构建是否科学、合理,直接影响到司法的统一性、正义性、终局性和权威性的实现。从刑事审级制度的重构目标———公正与效率平衡出发,刑事审级制度的设置应坚持职能分级、审判方便和案情轻重原则,在此基础上,重构我国的三审终审制。     

Appearance of chemical burns resulting from the washing of a deceased body with bleach

The authors report on a case of postmortem washing of a body with bleach. An adult female victim was found nude in an alleyway with both hands removed in the City of Westminster, CO. Cause of death was attributed to severe blunt force trauma to the head. The victim had been dumped in the alleyway within 7 h of discovery. Evidence discovered at the crime scene and autopsy indicated that the murder and subsequent washing of the body with bleach occurred at a secondary location(s). The victim was wet to the touch, presenting a strong odor of bleach. Several "ribbon"-like burn patterns were observed on the victim's back and upper thighs. These burn marks were replicated by dowsing a deceased pig with an over-the-counter concentration of bleach.     

A Capture–Recapture Model to Estimate the Size of Criminal Populations and the Risks of Detection in a Marijuana Cultivation Industry

Originally developed in biology, capture-recapture methodologies have increasingly been integrated into the study of human populations to provide estimates of the size of “hidden populations.” This paper explores the validity of one capture-recapture model—Zelterman’s (1988) truncated Poisson estimator—used to estimate the size of the marijuana cultivation industry in Quebec, Canada. The capture–recapture analysis draws on arrest data to estimate the number of marijuana growers “at risk of being arrested” for a period of five years (1998–2002). Estimates are provided for growers involved in two different techniques: (1) soil-based growing, and (2) hydroponics. In addition, the study develops an original method to estimate the prevalence of cultivation sites “at risk of detection.” A first set of findings shows that the cultivation industry is substantial; the estimated prevalence of growers compares to estimates of marijuana dealers in the province. Capture–recapture estimates are also used to compare the risks of being arrested for different types of offenders. Results indicate that hydroponic growers—those involved in large scale and sophisticated sites—face lower enforcement-related risks than growers involved in smaller enterprises. The significance of these findings is discussed in the context of the widespread development, both in Europe and in North America, of a successful domestic production-driven, rather than importation-driven, marijuana trade.

老龄犯罪宽宥论——以贯彻“宽严相济”的刑事政策为视角

从历史上看,我国古代立法、近代立法以及革命根据地的相关法律文件都有矜恤老幼、减免其刑的相关规定。近现代国外刑事立法中,也普遍确立有老龄犯罪从宽处罚的制度。遗憾的是,我国现行刑法中竟没有任何相关的规定。目前,我国已进入"老年型"国家行列,因此,从贯彻"宽严相济"的刑事政策视角看,无论基于刑罚的人道性、谦抑性,还是从解决老龄问题、实现刑罚的目的考量,都有必要增设老龄犯罪从宽处罚与不适用死刑的原则及规定。