刑事诉讼中的和谐价值宏论

和谐社会理论提出以来,关于和谐价值的探讨已经如汗牛充栋,但就刑事诉讼中的和谐价值问题却一直没有人进行研究,而这一价值又常常被刑事诉讼法学者所使用。和谐是中国的本土文化,凝结着中国人的智慧。我们不仅应用世界的眼光解决中国的问题,更应从中国的问题出发,用中国的眼光来解决世界的问题。刑事和解的最主要的价值理念就是和谐价值,在整个刑事诉讼价值体系中应当明确树立和谐价值理论,并依据和谐价值理论凸显伦理道德的要求,从而使刑事诉讼的过程和结果更和谐,实现其真、善、美的统一。     

刑事和解案件范围论

因和解内涵的理解差异,刑事和解案件范围在立法、司法与学界存在严重分歧。刑事和解案件范围的确定应当立足于刑事和解内涵的重新厘定以及刑事和解与刑事政策在案件处理方面的差别。当刑事和解建立在当事人双方达成谅解而致起诉权的放弃与加害人刑事可罚性降低的前提下,它只能适用于存在被害人的自诉案件与公诉案件,而且,应当遵循宪法原则、平等原则下的差别原则及公序良俗确定其中的个罪能否和解。     

论民用爆炸物品的刑法规制

所谓刑法对民用爆炸物品的规制,就是国家通过刑法将与民用爆炸物品相关的严重危害社会的行为规定为犯罪,并予以刑罚制裁,以规范和制约民用爆炸物品的管理。根据我国刑法的规定,涉及民用爆炸物品的罪名很多,分布在不同的章节中,即根据其侵犯的客体不同,规定了不同的罪名和法定刑,表明国家对涉爆犯罪进行了全面的刑法规制。刑法对民用爆炸物品的规制主要表现为两种情况：一是直接规制,即以爆炸罪定罪或者以非法从事与爆炸物有关行为定罪;二是间接规制,即以侵害特定个人或多人的健康、生命权利以及财产权利为直接目的,在犯罪过程中,使用爆炸物仅是作为实施犯罪的一种方法或手段的犯罪。     

短信诈骗案件电子证据的收集和运用

利用手机虚假短信诈骗犯罪,是目前诈骗犯罪案件中的一种新的作案方式和手段,公安机关通过调取手机信息痕迹进行分析研究,查找犯罪线索,拓展情报来源。手机信息之所以能够被用来侦查破案,其主要原理是手机信息与案件信息的相互关联性。     

知识产权刑法保护的基本理念

21世纪是知识经济的时代,有效保护知识产权是促进知识经济不断发展的重要环节。在对知识产权的法律保护中,刑法保护具有不可替代的价值。要确立恰当的知识产权刑法保护制度,必须遵循一些基本理念：逐步增强保护的理念;多种保护结合的理念;体现公平正义的理念。     

经济变化对刑事政策的引导机制研究

刑事政策作为指导和调控刑事立法和刑事司法的观念性产物，在发展市场经济、建设和谐社会的当代中国，以刑法所不具有的灵活性而越来越受到学界的关注。刑事政策的制定和实施受到各方面因素的影响，而在诸因素中，经济因素是最具有决定性的。经济变化的快慢以及经济建设环境的好坏，对刑事政策的发展都具有关键性的引导作用。刑事政策的目的完结有赖于经济的发展和引导功能的发挥。探讨经济变化与刑事政策的关系，对于构筑符合时代要求的刑事政策体系，具有现实意义。     

Mentally ill offenders eligible for diversion at local court in New South Wales (NSW), Australia: factors associated with initially successful diversion

Diversion away from the criminal justice system and into mental health treatment services is a key strategy for addressing the well-established burden of mental illness suffered by those presenting to court. While mental health courts, court liaison and court diversion services have been developed in many jurisdictions internationally, there is limited research evidence to support their effectiveness in identifying those with mental health need and achieving successful diversion. The Statewide Community and Court Liaison Service in New South Wales, Australia, identifies mentally ill offenders likely to meet legal eligibility criteria for diversion at the busiest local courts across the state. Utilising data collected by mental health clinicians working in the service, 8317 individuals were identified as being eligible for court diversion on at least one occasion during the study period (1 July 2008 and the 30 June 2015) and 57.3% were subsequently diverted by Magistrates. Successful diversion at this first step was associated with being female, older, of non-Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander background, and having a serious mental illness, replicated when stratified by sex and by Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander background. There may be barriers to mental health diversion at court for individuals with particular socio-demographic characteristics which future service developments may need to take into account.     

Protecting victims of intimate partner violence: Swedish prosecutors’ experiences of decision-making regarding restraining orders

Restraining orders can be used as a risk management strategy to reduce the likelihood of intimate partner violence (IPV) re-victimisation. The aim of this study was to examine how prosecutors work with cases of IPV, with a focus on their collaboration with police, use of violence risk assessment and implementation of restraining orders. A qualitative analysis was conducted based on semi-structured interviews with five prosecutors operating in two northern police districts in Sweden in 2016. Data were analysed using latent content analysis. Three overarching themes arose: The case, Organization of resources and Interpretation of the law. Each theme was discussed in the context of the prosecutors’ work with IPV. Prosecutors pointed to several inadequacies in the legislation and offered potential solutions that would ameliorate their work. Results also showed that prosecutors seldom used violence risk assessments conducted by police as a basis for issuing restraining orders. The primary reason for this was a lack of clear routines governing cooperation between police and prosecutors in the application process. The results from this study can be used when training criminal justice personnel in order to obtain a better understanding of the difficulties that prosecutors face when trying to protect victims of IPV.     

THE TRADE IN TOOLS: THE MARKET FOR ILLICIT GUNS IN HIGH‐RISK NETWORKS

Illegal guns circulating among high‐risk networks represent a threat to the security and well‐being of urban neighborhoods. Research findings reveal that illegal firearms are usually acquired through a variety of means, including theft and diversions from legitimate firearms commerce. Little is known, however, about the underground gun markets supplying the gang and drug networks responsible for a large share of gun violence in U.S. cities. In this article, we take a mixed‐methods approach, combining trace analyses of recovered handguns with ethnographic interviews of high‐risk gun users to develop new insights on the entry of guns into three criminal networks in Boston. We find that guns possessed by Boston gang members are of a different character compared with other crime guns; these guns are more likely to be older firearms originating from New Hampshire, Maine, and I‐95 southern states. The results of our qualitative research reveal that gang members and drug dealers pay inflated prices for handguns diverted by traffickers exploiting unregulated secondary market transactions, with significant premiums paid for high‐caliber semiautomatic pistols. Taken together, these findings provide an analytic portrait of the market for illicit guns among those most proximate to violence, yielding novel empirical, theoretical, and practical insights into the problem of criminal gun access.     

Female sex offenders who abuse children whilst working in organisational contexts: offending,conviction and sentencing

To date, there has been very little research into the phenomenon of female-perpetrated institutional child sexual abuse (CSA). This study explored 71 cases of CSA perpetrated by women working with children, considered by UK police and courts between 2000 and 2016. Qualitative and quantitative content analysis was employed to examine court reports, professional regulatory body decisions, media reports and an online sentencing database in order to identify perpetrator and victim characteristics, the nature of the offending behaviour, modus operandi and criminal justice system responses. Findings indicate most women offended alone and had no previous criminal or employment records of concern. Victims were typically male and 15–16 years old. Most women received custodial sentences, typically of 2–3 years in length. Implications for policy and practice are also discussed.