Criminological and Medico-legal Aspects in Homicidal and Suicidal Sharp Force Fatalities

The interpretation of sharp force fatality dynamics may be difficult in some cases, but a contribution to analysis of the phenomenon may be provided by case studies. Therefore, the purpose of our study is focused on identifying, in observed sharp force fatalities, reliable parameters that can differentiate a homicidal and suicidal manner of death, with particular reference to criminological parameters. Data derived from sharp force fatality cases in Padua and Venice from 1997 to 2019, anonymized and collected in Excel, included personal, circumstantial, clinical, and psychopathological–criminological data, as well as crime scene investigation, necroscopic, and toxicological data. Statistical analyses were performed using chi-square and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. Possible predictors of homicide were analyzed by logistic regression. Six parameters (bloodstains distant from the body, clothing lacerations, hesitation/defense wounds, number of injuries, and potential motives) were significantly different in the two groups (p < 0.05). An independent statistical association between potential motives explaining the crime (p < 0.001; OR 27.533) and homicide on multiple logistic regression analysis was highlighted. The absence of clothing lacerations was inversely related to homicide (p = 0.002, OR 0.092). To the best of our knowledge, this is one of very few Italian studies concerning the differential diagnosis between homicidal and suicidal sharp force fatalities. The dynamics of the event is established in most cases by the integrated evaluation of data from crime scene investigation and the autopsy. Nevertheless, in an atypical scenario, a psychopathological–criminological analysis may provide essential elements, and particular attention should be given to the identification of potential explanatory motives.     

Improving psychosocial well-being of child laborers and young people who are engaged in low-income economic activities in Istanbul,Turkey

Child laborers are typically subjected to multiple and chronic traumatic experiences. With no parents or caregivers to act as a buffer zone against stressors, they grow up in chaotic and unpredictable work environments. Child laborers are more at risk of developing a range of psychological, emotional, and behavioral problems. The authors established an 8-month psychosocial support program for child laborers and young people attending a vocational training center one day a week. The authors found that anxiety and depression moderately correlated with negative self-concept, somatization, and hostility. Toward the end of the 8-month program, participants reported improved psychological and emotional well-being. The provision of a safe and mediated psychosocial program enhanced the emotional and mental well-being of vulnerable children and young people.     

Not unlearning to care – positive moral development as a cornerstone of nonkilling

ABSTRACT

In this theoretical paper, selected areas of moral development as well as some of the respective theories and models are used to characterise positive, healthy moral development. Such moral development is seen as one prerequisite of nonkilling. From a lifespan perspective, core concepts such as moral motivation and moral agency are combined into an understanding of moral development, as based on the making meaning of experience in the context of social interaction and co-construction. The aim of (socio)moral development is seen in moral maturity, that is, the genuine understanding of the way our own actions or nonactions affect the welfare of others, including the motivation, the sense of personal responsibility, and the will to act in such ways as not to harm or to protect or re-establish others’ welfare. Reaching this aim can be seen as the outcome of healthy moral development.     

人权法学视野下的私有财产权问题——兼与对其法制保障的初探

财产权是人类谋求生存与发展的基本权利,也是维系人类自由与尊严的根基。从人权法学角度来看,财产权同时又具有人权意义上的价值。因此,财产权制度在注重实现财产的经济功能的同时,也要关注社会的自由、平等与正义价值。人类社会发展至今,私有财产是其不可或缺的重要组成部分,人类参与社会生活的始终都伴随着其对财产权利的发展,因而,要注重加强对私有财产权的保障力度。     

Who Am I and Where Am I From? Substitute Residential Home Children’s Insights into Their Lives and Individual Identities

Abstract

Decisions regarding children’s residential care reorganisation are primarily based on an adult’s perspective of children’s wellbeing and care. While these adults tend to be well-intended and base their decisions off relevant evidence, the children’s perspectives ‐ which reflects their actual lived experiences ‐ is almost never considered. However, since children are experts of their own lives, they should have the right to participate and express their opinion: Their point of view could be of great value in developing residential child care. In this article, we provide SOS children’s insights into their own life experiences and individual identities. The data was collected during an ethnographic research in one of Estonia’s SOS Children’s Villages (SOS CV). This article aims to answer to following research questions: 1. What are the main topics in SOS children’s stories when they talk about themselves and their everyday lives in substitute homes? 2. What kind of identity can be determined from children’s stories? 3. How can the subtext within the children’s stories be used to develop a child-centred residential care? In this article, we present and discuss several key-findings. First, it is important to note that there are gaps in the children’s life stories, as they sometimes lack information about important people and events in their lives. Second, this lack of adequate information can damage the children's identities and, in turn, undermine their development. Third, the opportunity to talk about important life events encourages the children to ask questions, as they are interested in obtaining additional information to complete the gaps. Fourth, the children’s stories indicate the shortcomings of substitute homes, related to both culture and communication.     

Mean Streets Revisited: Assessing the Generality of Rival Criminological Theories

The vast majority of tests of major criminological theories have been conducted on youths in school settings. Following Hagan and McCarthy’s (1997) admonition to engage in “street criminology,” the current study surveyed 254 juveniles drawn mainly from impoverished neighborhoods in Uruguay, who were either confined or in an alternative justice program. Due to limited literacy skills, all youths were interviewed regarding theoretical measures and their delinquent involvement. The results revealed that self-control was unrelated to delinquency in this sample. By contrast, social learning factors and stressful life events were found to increase delinquent participation. The results suggest that the effects of the field’s core theories are general, accounting for as much or more variation in the sample of street youths as among youths attending conventional U.S. schools. The policy implications of the findings are explored.     

行动视角下的社区应急管理策略与韧性机制建设：以杭州市杨柳郡社区为例

社区治理当前面临风险情境的挑战，因此需要加强社区应急管理体系以应对各类风险的冲击。居民有效参与是应对风险的重要因素，但已有研究主要从物质、制度和规范角度分析社区的应急体系建设，而较少讨论何种应急管理策略可以形塑恰当的社会环境以构建个体韧性，激活主体力量。对此本文结合行动系统理论，构建了行动视角的韧性机制建设框架，并结合浙江省综合减灾示范社区杭州市杨柳郡社区的案例分析，阐释针对行动系统不同部分的社区应急管理策略。研究发现，文化系统中的价值与规范是动机的来源，确定性是人格系统理性认知和行动的条件，党建引领和社群网络的结合是推动多主体参与的重要手段。本文通过构建行动视角下的社区韧性机制建设框架，对推动社区应急管理提供理论支撑和经验参考。     

酒精相关违法行为的犯罪学特点分析

目的探讨法医精神病学鉴定中两种酒精相关违法行为的犯罪学特征。方法采用自行编制的法医精神病学鉴定案例登记表,对符合本研究纳入标准的90名被鉴定人分为普通醉酒(63例)和慢性酒精中毒(27例)两组,采用统计描述和对照研究的方法进行分析。结果普通醉酒组54.0%的案前有诱发事件,慢性酒精中毒组案前有诱发事件的为22.2%;58.7%普通醉酒组作案是临时确定的作案动机,55.6%慢性酒精中毒组无明显的作案动机;66.6%普通醉酒组是临时确定的作案目标,51.8%慢性酒精中毒组无明确的作案目标。普通醉酒组19.0%对作案时间做出了选择,慢性酒精中毒组织有3.7%选择了作案时间;普通醉酒组61.9%的案后有一定的反侦查手段,慢性酒精中毒组则是有59.3%案后停留现场。普通醉酒组98.4%被评为有刑事责任能力,慢性酒精中毒组仅3.7%被评为有刑事责任能力。结论普通醉酒组案前有诱发事件和作案动机的要高于慢性酒精中毒组,慢性酒精中毒组在案中和案后更多地缺乏自我保护意识。普通醉酒组更多地被评为有刑事责任能力,慢性酒精中毒组则多被评为部分刑事责任能力或无刑事责任能力。     

从传播学视角看贵州苗族独竹漂

贵州省苗族独竹漂是贵州苗族人民在长期的生产实践和社会实践中,创造出来的一项具有健身特点的水上体育技能项目,集体育性、娱乐性、群众性和观赏性于一体。要使贵州苗族独竹漂具有长久生命力,要借助各种大众传播媒介来宣传、介绍独竹漂的文化价值特性,充分彰显独竹漂自身魅力。要把独竹漂与红色革命传统相契合,展现独竹漂悠久的历史和丰富的文化内涵,增强广大民众对独竹漂文化的认同和自信。从原生态水上运动独创项目和激发人们挑战大自然的拼搏精神和勇气中获得了传播的动力,构建独竹漂文化传播的基本理论,以理论指导独竹漂传播实践。利用教育的渠道来聚敛独竹漂这笔有形和无形的"文化财富",溶于日臻完善的教育体系中去。对独竹漂要进行自身的文化创新,满足不同受众要求。使之成为新型体育文化的积极因素。要策划运作好独竹漂,让受众通过全方位的参与和融入,充分理解独竹漂的内涵和特色。     

西方公司犯罪理论对比分析

公司犯罪在我国研究甚少,但是国外已创建不少基本理论。比较有实证基础的理论包括紧张理论、模仿理论、合理性选择理论以及公司结构理论。这些理论对公司犯罪的解释角度不同,可谓各具所长。紧张理论突出公司业绩与犯罪之间的关系;模仿理论则更加关注公司文化和高管人员对犯罪行为的接受;另外,基于一定经济分析基础的合理性选择理论把公司决策时的成本效益分析看成了公司犯罪的最本源,而公司结构理论则恰恰相反地把犯罪源头锁定在了公司治理的结构问题上。就公司本身特征（包括公司业绩、规模、高管人员素质和组成）与公司行为关系而言,这些理论的适用性则强度不一。因此,为求对公司犯罪研究结果的整合,以及提高公司治理的发展,一种综合性解释理论的需求随之而生。