Competition and cooperation in artificial intelligence standard setting: Explaining emergent patterns

Efforts to set standards for artificial intelligence (AI) reveal striking patterns: technical experts hailing from geopolitical rivals, such as the United States and China, readily collaborate on technical AI standards within transnational standard-setting organizations, whereas governments are much less willing to collaborate on global ethical AI standards within international organizations. Whether competition or cooperation prevails can be explained by three variables: the actors that make up the membership of the standard-setting organization, the issues on which the organization's standard-setting efforts focus, and the “games” actors play when trying to set standards within a particular type of organization. A preliminary empirical analysis provides support for the contention that actors, issues, and games affect the prospects for cooperation on global AI standards. It matters because shared standards are vital for achieving truly global frameworks for the governance of AI. Such global frameworks, in turn, lower transaction costs and the probability that the world will witness the emergence of AI systems that threaten human rights and fundamental freedoms.     

How did international economic regulation survive the last period of deglobalization?

As trade wars and protectionism again present severe challenges and obstructions to international economic regulatory organizations (IEROs), it is timely to ask how their predecessors survived the last deep deglobalization of the interwar years. This article presents a fresh neo-Durkheimian institutional explanation. It highlights contrasting pathways to survival and bequest of IEROs in three fields of regulation – international infrastructure, capital and labor, and commodities. Our explanation shows that functional imperatives and short-term market pressures in these different areas of regulation facilitated specific forms of social organization within IEROs (such as hierarchy or individualistic brokering). These contrasting forms of social organization cultivated distinct regulatory styles during deglobalization and cultivated capacities for contrasting survival and bequest strategies. Our approach is thus able to account for variation in pathways to survival in a way that other possible explanations, such as theories of regulatory capture or bureaucratic autonomy, cannot.     

Nordic Cultural Baselines: Accounting for Domestic Convergence and Foreign Policy Divergence

The five Nordic countries converged remarkably when developing domestic institutions, but they diverged significantly when developing foreign policies. Grid-group theory prescribes four contending cultures—hierarchy, egalitarianism, individualism, and fatalism—and offers a basis for understanding the structure of political coalitions and conflicts. Surveys from the five Nordic countries measuring cultural baselines are used to estimate the degree of convergence and divergence. The countries converge with reference to high agreement with egalitarianism, individualism, and hierarchy, and disagreement with fatalism. This concords with the historically strong regime of social democracy in this region. The five countries diverge with reference to their foreign policy in that they polarize along two dimensions. To the east, there is increasing fatalism associated with countries not being members of NATO; to the north, there is increasing egalitarianism associated with countries not being members of the European Union. Given the importance of popular support through referenda, an eventual accession of Norway and Iceland to the EU cannot happen unless egalitarianism diminishes among their publics.     

新发展观的文化阐释

新发展观是人民追求幸福生活的期盼。新发展观作为一种新理念是当代中国的国富论,它为我们解决前进道路上面临的矛盾和问题,为顺利推进全面建设小康社会和整个现代化事业,提供了正确的指导思想和根本方针。新发展观作为一种文化选择,是对发展理论和社会主义建设规律的总结。新发展观作为一种文化自觉,体现了可贵的人本精神、和谐意识、忧患意识、实践品格。     

价值决定问题新探

价值决定问题是经济学理论一再探索而未能完全解决的难题。中国正处在发展市场经济过程中,弄清经济学的这个基本理论问题,对坚持和深化改革同样具有深远意义。     

国家调节说的经济法体系之国际适用性研究——以日本的国家经济调节职能与经济法理论为例

进入垄断资本主义阶段后,为弥补市场失灵的缺陷,日本对经济实施了市场规制、宏观调控、国家投资经营三种国家经济调节职能,并相应制定了三种类型的经济法律法规对其予以规范和保障。日本国家的经济调节职能及经济法立法的实践表明日本经济法理论研究与日本国家经济调节实践之间存在一定的偏差。国家调节说为经济法体系的构建提供了科学基准,日本的现状证明了国家调节说对于构建经济法体系的国际适用性。     

网络侦查方向学科建设的思考

我院网络侦查方向是根据公安一线实战部门的需求而设置,其重点在于培养既懂得计算机技术又懂得侦查技术、治安管理和相关法律知识的实战型复合型公安人才。如何搞好网络侦查方向学科建设是关系到我院今后培养的网络侦查人才是否合格的大事,也会影响我国公安院校为公安实战部门培养人才的模式。     

提高高等教育教学质量的关键环节

提高高等教育教学质量是摆在我们每一个高校教育工作者面前的紧迫任务。本文结合我国高等教育的实际情况,提出从培养目标、专业设置、课程体系、教学方法、实践教学、师资队伍、科学研究等基本环节,作为提高教育质量,解决教育中出现的问题的根本途径。     

略论构建社会主义和谐社会与经济法的职能作用

经济法是以科学发展观为统领的构建社会主义和谐社会的实践所需的法律系统工程的重要组成部分。经济法调整社会关系的“平衡协调”的特质与构建和谐社会的理念和精神是一致的。这一特质及其“综合性”的特点,对于解决或缓和公平与效率的矛盾,并使之形成良性互动的最佳状态,促进经济社会的协调发展和构建社会主义和谐社会具有现实意义。同时,亦可由此对经济法的作用、地位、与其他相关法律部门的关系等基本问题有进一步的认识。     

论我国个人所得税法的完善

本文阐述了我国个人所得税法应对税收中性理论进行合理借鉴吸收,指出税收中性和税收调控是对立统一的关系。同时阐述了科学运用税收中性理论完善我国个人所得税法的具体措施。在这个问题上着重从我国个人所得税的立法上阐述如何借鉴税收中性理论进行完善的具体措施。但是要想把在个人所得税的立法上进行的完善真正得以应用,必须还要在税收监管和其他辅助措施上进行完善,以配合法律的调整。