The development of an inter‐nation tensiometer

The military expenditure (M.E.) of a nation depends partly on its wealth as measured by its Gross National Product (GNP), partly on geography, and partly on its presence in an alliance. The authors describe a method for calculating the M.E. value if it depended solely on the GNP; the value of the M.E. so obtained is termed the theoretical M.E. (M.E._Th.). Dividing the actual M.E. by the M.E._Th. (and multiplying by 100) yields a pure number, the tension ratio (T.R.). We regard tension as a function of geography (thus having a hostile neighbor increases tension and having a friendly neighbor decreases tension) and of membership in an alliance (which should cause a relaxation of tension). Tension ratios were calculated for 63 countries. Of the 13 nations engaged in a war, 76.9 percent had T.R. values greater than 155. Of the 43 nations not engaged in a war, only 26 percent had T.R. values greater than 155. Application of the chi square tests and the Kolmogorov‐Smimov test showed the association of high T.R.s concurrent with wars and antecedent to wars to be significant at the 95 percent probability level. Threshold T.R. values can pinpoint critical, potentially violent situations. Membership in an alliance does not seem as important as the effect of geography (the geographic factor includes the perception of hostility or friendliness in a neighboring country).     

Legitimacy and Social Impact in the Context of Changing Public Cultural Organizations

This article explores an organization's practices, values, and its role in society within a transformed legal status. The article clarifies the role of the organizational form in engagement with society and outlines the connections between different types of legitimacy by elaborating concepts of neo-institutional theory and cultural policy. A conceptual map of the institutional elements, cultural values, and legitimacy is presented. The analysis is based on the Estonian Russian Theater and concludes that an organization can influence the basis of its legitimacy. The management's aspirations to balance values and deal with cognitive legitimacy may lead to rearranging the institutional framework.     

文化冲突、和谐校园与农村大学生社会化

农村文化与城市文化在大学校园发生碰撞时,农村学生群体由于文化上的边缘性,容易发生文化适应性危机,阻碍其社会化进程。只有营造积极向上的和谐校园文化环境,着眼于农村大学生综合素质的提高,强化心理健康教育,多渠道为农村大学生提供经济帮助,才能推进在校农村大学生的社会化。     

新时期青年农民工“文化反哺”现象初探

"文化反哺"即"逆向社会化",是一种自下而上的文化传承模式.当代青年农民工已初步具备"文化反哺"的能力,并有责任通过"文化反哺" 提高农村成人社会的现代社会适应能力.青年农民工"文化反哺" 在社会主义新农村建设中具有重要的社会价值.在肯定青年农民工"文化反哺"对农村社会进步的积极推动作用的同时,也要注意对其加以正确的引导.     

我国新型监狱体制改革的思考和探索

建国以来,我国的监狱管理体制一直沿用"监企社合一"的模式,随着改革开放的深入和市场经济的发展,这种监狱管理模式已经不能完成其所担负的职能,弊端日益显现,监狱体制改革势在必行。监狱体制改革的目标是逐步实现"全额保障、监企分开、收支分开、规范运行",建立公正、文明、廉洁、高效的新型监狱管理体制。     

The Organisation of Drug Supply: South Asian Criminal Enterprise in the UK

This paper examines the structure and modus operandi of South Asian criminal organisations operating in the UK. It is based on empirical research conducted between 2005 and 2006 among prisoners sentenced for drug offences, a number of drug distributors operating in the market, and observers with a knowledge of the drugs business working for the police force or for rehabilitation services. First, the paper offers an overview of the debate on organised crime, and after a methodological note, the research findings are utilised to propose a typology. Hypotheses are formulated around the illicit drug enterprises involved in British markets. Finally, the implications for law enforcement with respect to these enterprises are discussed.

毛泽东国家文化安全思想提出的背景与得失

毛泽东虽然没有直接提出"文化安全"的概念,但是他提出了一系列蕴含着丰富的国家文化安全思想理念的观点。本文认为,近代以来帝国主义侵华给中国人民带来的屈辱历史和文化伤害,是毛泽东思考新中国文化安全的历史起点;捍卫共产党安身立命的信仰系统和价值追求,是毛泽东对国家文化安全的现实考虑;维护民族利益,捍卫国家文化主权,是毛泽东提出文化安全思想的深层涵义。由于毛泽东对文化安全形势的估计过于严重,反而导致了新的文化不安全。     

公有制有效实现形式及其产权配置

国有企业改革的进程本质上也是探索公有制有效实现形式的过程。现代经济发展以及我国改革实践充分表明,公司制企业是公有制多种实现形式中最为有效的形式。着眼于优化公司制企业产权配置和产权约束的有效性,应建立和完善法人治理结构,增强人力资本与其他形态资本的匹配性,在国有企业股权多元化过程中引进非公有制经济成分,努力形成国有经济与非公有制经济的竞合关系,完善国有资产监督管理方式。     

从非物质文化遗产保护谈知识产权法的教学改革

我国作为非物质文化遗产蕴藏量极为丰富的国家,近年来对非物质文化遗产的抢救与保护日益重视,但非物质文化遗产的保护既缺乏法律的保驾护航,又缺乏保护人才。具有人才培养、科学研究与服务社会三大职能的高校,在非物质文化遗产保护问题上的责任与义务不容回避,这就对高校的知识产权法教学提出了创新与改革的要求。     

刍议中小企业融资难的原因及法律对策

中小企业的融资本质上就是通过社会的资金分配制度对其进行社会资金的配给。中小企业融资难问题的解决途径在于从制度的角度型构一种新的社会资金分配制度。我国中小企业融资难既有政府经济职能的因素,又有银行的因素、资本市场的因素及中小企业自身的因素。要建构一个克服中小企业融资难的制度体系,应解决以下四个核心的问题：一是要规范政府在中小企业融资中的功能;二是要构建中小企业的间接融资渠道;三是依法规范资本市场以保障中小企业融资;四是要构建克服中小企业自身局限性的制度体系。