我国域外送达机制的困境与选择

对近年来我国域外送达的非常态事件以及调研数据的分析表明 ,先入为主的定性和效率的低下是我国目前域外送达中的诸种问题的症结所在。改变现状以提高送达效率的基本思路是观念的更新和完善有关制度。     

Donald Trump's Hijacking of the Republican Party in Historical Perspective

Four aspects of Donald Trump's hijack of the Republican party are examined. First, how he used unconventional techniques, usually associated with some ‘reality’ television programmes, to become the leading candidate in the pre‐primary debates. He could thereby develop ‘momentum’ before the primaries began despite his limited support among Republican activists. Second, how his insurgency differed from the party's takeover in 1964 by supporters of Barry Goldwater. Third, how the Republicans have replaced the Democrats since the early 1980s as the party with a less cohesive potential coalition among voters, with the result that internal party relations became more conflictual throughout the period. Finally, that internal conflict has been intensified by two factors in those decades: the prevalence of divided government, which has made it virtually impossible to impose a truly conservative agenda on federal government policy, and the impact of forty years of stagnating real incomes for many middle‐income Americans.     

论商业贿赂犯罪的认定及其刑法完善——以《联合国反腐败公约》为借鉴

商业贿赂犯罪侵犯了公平竞争的商品经济秩序,对我国经济社会的发展危害十分严重,科学认定商业贿赂犯罪具有非常现实的意义。《联合国反腐败公约》为世界范围内的反腐败提供了基本的科学理念和策略及基本的法律指南和行动准则。我国刑法关于商业贿赂犯犯罪的规定存在与《联合国反腐败公约》不相一致的问题,以《联合国反腐败公约》为借鉴,将"贿赂"范围扩大到非财产性利益,增设"外国公职人员或者国际公共组织官员受贿罪、对外国外国公职人员或者国际公共组织官员行贿罪",废除商业贿赂犯罪死刑的规定等是我国刑法应予完善的重要内容。     

引渡制度发展与反腐败国际合作前瞻

引渡是国际公法的主要制度之一,是国家间在相互尊重主权基础上展开的国际刑事司法合作。引渡理论精微渊深,一直以来与国际刑事司法合作实践的发展休戚相关,直接关系到国家主权权利的实现途径。以引渡实践为依托,对引渡理论特别是引渡诸原则进行历史梳理,同时结合反腐败国际合作的大背景,讨论引渡实践的困境和引渡替代措施的前景,对我国反腐败国际刑事合作实践将会大有裨益。     

中国及有关国家关于南海群岛、钓鱼岛归属的法理比较

最近,钓鱼岛和南中国海争端已经成为我国面临的重大国际挑战,通过历史证据和他国的一些文件、地图等资料论证他国对我国在钓鱼岛和南海诸岛的承认在国际法上的意义,并对相关国家以现代海洋法作为主权要求根据的局限性予以分析,结合时际法原则总结出南海诸群岛、钓鱼岛的主权归属问题。有关国家对南沙群岛、钓鱼岛的主权要求不仅缺乏历史根据,而且在国际法上也站不着脚;它们对南沙群岛、钓鱼岛的侵占活动是非法的、无效的行为。     

Does fair anonymization exist?

Anonymization is viewed as an instrument by which personal data can be rendered so that it can be processed further without harming data subjects' private lives, for purposes that are beneficial to the public good. The anonymization is fair if the possibility of re-identification can be practically excluded. The data processor does all that he or she can to ensure this. For a fair anonymization, simply removing the primary personal identification data, such as the name, resident address, phone number and email address, is not enough, as many papers have warned. Therefore, new guidance documents, and even legal rulings such as the HIPAA Privacy Rule on de-identification, may improve the security of anonymization. Researchers are continuously testing the efficiency of the methods and simulating re-identification attacks. Since the US and Canada do not have a population registry, re-identification experiments were carried out with the help of other publicly available databases, such as census data or the voters' database. Unfortunately, neither of these is complete and sufficiently detailed, so the computed risk was only an estimate. The author obtained the zip code, gender, date of birth distribution data from the Hungarian population registry and computed re-identification risks in several simulated cases. This paper also gives an insight into the legal environment of Hungarian personal medical data protection legislation.     

DNA databases as a tool to improve the search for missing persons in Brazil

In 2019, based on the publication of Law No. 13,812/2019, the National Policy on the Search for Missing Persons was created in Brazil. In this context, on March 2, 2020 the Steering Committee of the Integrated Network of DNA Databases (RIBPG) created the Working Group on Genetic Identification of Missing Persons. In 2021, the first National Campaign for the Collection of DNA from Relatives of Missing Persons was launched. This action provided the collection of relatives of more than 1700 missing people throughout Brazil. Since the beginning of the work, the number of genetic profiles related to the search for missing persons has increased by 216 % in the National DNA Database. So far, RIBPG has already managed to solve 223 disappearances throughout Brazil.     

Problems and Prospects for the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources Twenty Years On*

Abstract

Twenty years after its adoption, the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) remains unique among fisheries agreements in its declared commitment to considering the impact of existing or proposed fisheries on the entire ecosystem, rather than on just the harvested species. However, the recent picture of fisheries activities within the Convention area suggests a substantial ‐ and perhaps widening ‐ gap between theory and practice. The fishery that has most clearly proven beyond CCAMLR's capacity, and which has resulted in the most significant damage to the Antarctic environment in modern times is that for Patagonian Toothfish, Dissostichus eleginoides. That fishery is discussed in more detail below. The roots of that problem in conjunction with structural problems that have contributed to CCAMLR's inability to deal with the toothfish challenge threaten to be repeated in the second‐generation krill fishery that is rapidly developing in Antarctic waters. The authors provide suggestions for structural and procedural changes within CCAMLR to permit it to effectively manage the marine living resources of the Southern Ocean.     

《联合国国家及其财产管辖豁免公约》与国际民商新秩序的构建

国际民商新秩序的提出对于国际私法的发展具有重大意义。国际民商新秩序要求国际民商事关系中的当事人处于平等的法律地位,如果国家在国际民商事交往中享有豁免权,则不利于国际民商新秩序的构建。关于国家豁免的范围,存在着绝对豁免主义与相对豁免主义的分歧。绝对豁免与国际民商新秩序的构建背道而驰,相对豁免与国际民商新秩序的构建相契合。《联合国国家及其财产管辖豁免公约》第一次在全球性国际公约中规定了国家及其财产管辖豁免原则,标志着限制豁免说彻底战胜了绝对豁免说,是国际民商新秩序构建进程中的里程碑。     

Remembering the Southeast Asian Chinese massacres of 1941-45

This article examines a series of wartime massacres (sook chings) conducted at various Southeast Asian sites with a view to teasing out broader lessons about justice, compensation, apology and the uses of memory both on the side of the victims as well as the nation that perpetrated the crimes. Characteristically, the sook chings of Southeast Asia, occurring in ethnically complex societies with mostly Chinese as victims, displayed a planned character of strictly ethnic and political “cleansing” that meets broad definitions of genocide. This article also considers historical memory. Obviously, as with Japanese war crimes in China, the sook chings of Southeast Asia are remembered locally. But also, as in China, remembrance of the sook chings has been modulated by the state, mostly in the interest of good relations and business links with Japan (with some notable exceptions). But, alongside the Nanjing Massacre, much contested in Japanese historiography, the sook ching massacres remain virtually unknown to the Japanese public, and have not become an issue between Japan and the Southeast Asian countries where these events occurred.