广州市学校卫生行政处罚现况分析

目的:分析广州市学校卫生行政处罚现况,探讨新时期学校卫生监督执法的发展形势和工作重点.方法:纳入全市卫生监督机构自2018年1月1日至12月31日查办且已结案的学校卫生行政处罚案件135宗,分析案件的案由、主体、处罚内容分布等.结果:2018年广州市学校卫生行政处罚案件案由主要分布于教学和生活环境卫生专业(56.3％)...     

影响性刑事冤假错案的产生、纠错、追责与民意的关联考察——以22起影响性刑事冤假错案为主要研究范本

民意的影响是冤假错案产生的诱因之一。不理性的民意极易虚构出貌似合理的"案件事实"并以此给司法机关施压。基于民意的压力,司法机关往往更多注重有罪证据,忽视无罪证据。命案必破、限期破案、疑罪从轻等刑事政策、司法理念,都是对民意诉求的顺应,也是促成冤假错案的诱因。民意对影响性冤假错案的纠错有积极意义,但仍应回归法治轨道。样本案件中,民意推进了冤假错案纠错程序的启动、纠错的及时,但没有制度化。民众对司法活动的认知不够理性,对错案追责的民意表达亦非建立在理性认知的基础之上。我国有必要培育理性的民意,形成民意与刑事司法的良性互动。     

德国刑法中的双重罪过立法及其对我国的借鉴意义

德国刑法中的双重罪过立法主要是指罪过由对行为的故意与对结果的过失组合而成的故意犯罪的立法,主要分布在公共危险之犯罪中,共涉及20余个罪名。双重罪过立法严格贯彻了明确性原则、责任主义和刑罚个别化,体现了较为鲜明的法治立场。我国刑法总则把罪过形式的判断根据明确限定为"危害社会的结果",但分则对部分犯罪的罪过形式规定不明确,致使难以解释抽象危险犯的罪过形式,在侵害犯和具体危险犯上难以贯彻责任主义,同时无法消除罪过形式解释上的混乱。从德国刑法中的双重罪过立法来看,在完善我国刑法中的罪过立法时,不仅应当满足判断罪过形式的实际需要,更应当注重贯彻法治对刑法的基本要求,同时还应坚持刑法文本的逻辑性和适度性。     

Gender differences in the evaluation of aggravating and mitigating circumstances: the mediating role of attributional complexity*

At the penalty phase of a capital trial, jurors endorse and weigh aggravators and mitigators. The purpose of the current studies was to examine how gender differences in attributional complexity relate to endorsements of aggravators and mitigators. In Study 1, undergraduate participants read definitions of aggravators and mitigators and rated the extent to which circumstances were aggravating or mitigating. In Study 2, a death qualified community sample read a trial summary, rated the extent to which aggravators and mitigators were present in the case, reported whether mitigators outweighed aggravators, and rendered a sentence. Results indicated that gender differences in mitigator endorsement were mediated by attributional complexity, and that gender differences in sentencing decisions were serially mediated by attributional complexity, mitigator endorsement, and aggravator and mitigator weighing.     

Impacts of the internet on traditional jurisdictional principles in international civil and commercial cases

Started as an undefined US military project to the current global network, the Internet has been developing and improved at an amazing speed, which also brought out enormous challenges to the traditional way of life worldwide. By analyzing the features of the Internet, this paper reveals the impacts of the Internet on jurisdictional principles applied in traditional international civil and commercial cases and aims to apply traditional rules under the new environment of the Internet. In addition, by referring to the international uniform legislation and from the US judicial theories and practices, this paper also brings out reflections and suggestions regarding this issue.     

刑事错案预防与纠错机制研究——基于浙江张氏“叔侄强奸案”的启示

法治是文明发展到一定历史阶段的标志,也是衡量一个国家发展水平的重要标尺。而余祥林案、“叔侄强奸案”等错案频频发生,引起人们对公平与正义的深深思考,而错案侵蚀着法治的精神,扭曲了法治的灵魂。在目前的刑事司法体制下,必须通过严格的刑事诉讼程序来保障刑事司法公正。基于人类认识的非至上性,司法实践中错案又不可避免地发生,因此及时纠正刑事错案是刑事司法公正的重要体现。目前我国刑事司法中存在错案发现不自觉、错案纠错不及时、申诉渠道不畅通等问题,严重影响了刑事司法公平和正义。坚持检察机关的法律监督职能,积极推动刑事错案纠错机制建设,具有重要的理论价值和现实意义。     

Regulating Legal Misconduct in the Commonwealth of Virginia

Abstract

This research reviews malfeasance committed by legal actors in Virginia over a four-year time period, and examines the corresponding sanctions imposed on them. The inquiry entails the review of disciplinary cases reviewed by the Virginia State Bar. These cases cover a vast spectrum of misconduct ranging from those seemingly venial to those that are flagrantly criminal. The sanctions imposed are examined as well as the reasons for the sanctions. Further, the study examines if rates of misconduct and severity of sanctions vary by gender. Implications that arise from the study are also discussed.     

魏晋谋反罪中的兄弟连坐——基于公孙渊案、钟会案、杨骏案的考察

若说魏晋间罪名的界定和相关处罚规定、原则存在因袭汉律或发生变异的话,仅靠律文表述恐怕不足以说明问题,有相关案例可证可佐或许是更重要的依据。就谋反罪中所涉及的兄弟连坐问题而言,公孙渊、钟会、杨骏三案具备兄弟中有人谋反,有人陈情自告却又株连入罪的共性;但处理结果却生杀两殊。在承认古人有遇事求同类比的心理前提下分析三案,恐怕我们对任何案例所要认识的并不仅仅是罪与罚的问题,而是罪与罚背后的法律观念、价值与判断,以及古人是如何理解、接受甚至批判的。     

270起医疗机构卫生行政处罚案件分析

在芜湖市医疗机构不断发展壮大的同时,存在着许多医疗违法情况,然而政府监管及处罚措施单一,因此需进一步加大对医疗市场的监管和处罚力度,为广大人民群众的健康保驾护航。本文通过分析芜湖市卫生监督所近3年时间查处的部分医疗机构违法案件,掌握目前医疗机构存在的一些违法问题,为进一步探讨高效的医疗机构监管措施提供依据。     

对一起公共场所从业人员健康证明过期案件的分析与思考

公共场所直接为顾客服务的从业人员必须持有效健康证明上岗,经营单位未组织从业人员进行健康体检而安排其上岗,将面临卫生行政处罚。但在实践中,由于执法人员卫生监督、监测或案件调查取证所采取的方式方法存在一定的瑕疵,卫生行政处罚案件往往也存在一定的风险。本文旨在通过一起公共场所从业人员健康证明过期案件的分析研究,谈谈该案在事实和证据方面的认定问题及此案给卫生行政执法人员所提供的借鉴。