VIOLENCE BEGETS VIOLENCE … BUT HOW? A DECISION‐MAKING PERSPECTIVE ON THE VICTIM–OFFENDER OVERLAP*

This study applied a decision‐making perspective to examine the causal mechanisms underlying the relation between violent victimization and offending. We theorized that having been victimized affects an individual's appraisal of subsequent potentially conflictive situations in such a way that victims become more attuned toward the benefits of violence perpetration than toward its costs. Furthermore, we argued that this altered appraisal mediates the relation between violent victimization and violent offending. We tested these hypotheses by using data from the Zurich Project on the Social Development of Children and Youths, a longitudinal study of Swiss youth (N = 1,013; 11–15 years of age). In line with expectations, path analysis results showed that prior victimization influenced the appraisal of decision‐making situations that, in turn, predicted subsequent self‐reported violent offending. Importantly, these mediation effects held when controlling for a variety of time‐stable factors, such as self‐control and risky activities, as well as prior victimization and delinquency. Implications for research and theorizing on the victim–offender overlap are elaborated in the discussion.     

论情报主导警务中的警务参谋制度构建--源于德军参谋部建设经验的启示

考察德军参谋部建设历史,其成功经验在于：一是建立专门独立的辅助决策机构;二是坚持以科学理论指导实践;三是以数学为主要手段确保情报分析高效科学;四是以实证方法确保理论和实践统一;五是及时推广应用新的科学技术;六是打造知识化、专业化参谋队伍。我国公安机关应借鉴德军参谋部建设之经验,在情报主导警务机制建设中,以规范的组织体制、科学的工作理念及专业化的参谋队伍为主题,构建警务参谋制度,完善辅助决策机制,提升警务决策科学化水平。     

论视频侦查工作体系的构建

我国视频侦查目前尚处于发展期,一些地方在视频侦查工作体系的构建方面取得了一定的经验,但也有很多问题延续至今,其中许多问题的根源都可以追溯到视频侦查工作体系的构建阶段。视频侦查工作体系的构建是一项庞大而复杂的工程,不仅包括视频监控软硬件系统的建设,还包括视频侦查工作组织机构的划分、工作流程的设计、交流与联动机制的完善以及专业视频图像研判力量的建设等内容。     

公诉人应对证人出庭制度的对策

2012年修订的《刑事诉讼法》规定了强制证人出庭和无正当理由不出庭证人的惩罚措施,提出对证人出庭作证的保护和经济补偿制度。证人出庭将增加庭审的对抗性和不确定性,公诉人只有提高自身的综合能力,充分做好庭审前准备,庭审中询问证人要讲究策略,庭审后要及时总结和交流意见,才能更好地完成出庭公诉的任务。     

Sentencing disparity: An analysis of judicial consistency

This paper reports the results of an analysis of judicial disparity in the sentencing of persons represented by legal-aid lawyers. Because the socioeconomic characteristics of legal-aid clients are fairly uniform, the analysis of such cases made it possible to explore the influence of case facts, system factors, and the judicial disparity of the sentences given in relatively similar situations. The analysis finds that case facts and offender characteristics, particularly prior record, are good predictors of sentence type and excellent predictors of sentence length. While there was some indication of judicial inconsistency in sentence-type decisions, that is, unexplained variation from case to case, there was little indication of strong individual judicial bias across the cases used in the analysis.     

INCENTIVES FOR COLLECTIVE DEVIANCE: GROUP SIZE AND CHANGES IN PERCEIVED RISK,COST, AND REWARD*

Research has demonstrated that the presence of others shifts decision‐making about risky/deviant behavior. One reason for this shift could be changes in the anticipated experience of formal sanctions, informal costs, and rewards. To investigate this possibility, this study conducted two randomized controlled trials with hypothetical vignettes, in which a range of how many other people were also involved in the criminal act defined the treatment conditions. Across two samples of university students (Ns = 396 and 263), the results revealed that as the size of the involved group increased, the anticipated experience of sanction risk and several informal social costs associated with engaging in the act decreased, and the anticipated experience of two rewards increased. Additional analyses suggest that, with one exception in each data set, these changes are not only tied to the solo/group distinction.     

多媒体课件制作研究

多媒体教学方式的应用提高了教学效率,对于提高课堂教学质量具有非常明显的效果,可以实现在传统课堂上不可能实现的教学方式和教学内容。制作和利用多媒体课件教学已成为一个合格教师的必备条件之一。本文对多媒体课件制作中易出现的问题进行了研究并提出应对措施。     

“三个代表”重要思想与中国特色社会主义的根本走向

"三个代表"重要思想是对马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论的继承和发展.在新的历史时期,中国共产党人在坚持和平与发展是时代的主题这一判断的前提下,准确地把握了经济全球化这一当今时代发展的主流,重申了人民群众是历史的创造者这一历史唯物主义基本原理,全面而准确地提出了建设社会主义物质文明、政治文明和精神文明的目标,为中国特色社会主义的发展指明了前进方向和前进坐标.