National parliamentary control and voting in the Council of the European Union

This article explores the different ways governments express dissent in the Council of the European Union (EU) through ‘No’ votes, abstentions and recorded negative statements. A game-theoretical model is presented that studies voting behaviour and analyses how the national parliaments’ levels of control over their governments’ EU policies affect it. It is concluded that governments that are strongly controlled by their parliaments are not more likely to express dissent. However, when they do express dissent, they vote ‘No’ more often. Parliamentary control depends on the presence of formal oversight institutions as well as the motivation of parliamentarians to hold their governments accountable. Empirical support is found in an analysis of votes on 1,387 legislative proposals that represent more than a decade of Council decision making in the period 2004–2014. This article contributes to the discussion on the involvement of national parliaments in EU affairs, and clearly distinguishes the different forms of dissent in Council decision making.     

论自动驾驶汽车生产者的刑事责任

自动驾驶汽车是人类研发、制造、使用和管理的智能产品,不是犯罪主体或刑事责任主体。在自动驾驶汽车自主控制状态下发生交通事故的,其生产者、使用者和其他人员难以按照我国现有刑法的罪名定罪处罚。除非道路交通安全法和刑法有专门的规定,驾驶位人员不接管汽车或接管后无力改变交通事故结果的,不构成交通肇事罪或其他管理过失犯罪。驾驶位人员的注意义务是阻止自动驾驶汽车自主控制下发生交通事故,其注意义务不应过高。允许的风险、紧急避险理论不能为自动驾驶汽车紧急路况处理算法的生产与应用提供合法、合理的解决方案,生产者遵守算法安全标准仅可以使生产行为合法化。鉴于现行刑法不适应自动驾驶汽车应用的特性,我国应当建立以生产者全程负责为中心的新刑事责任体系,使之在自动驾驶汽车生产和应用两个阶段承担安全管理责任,生产者拒不履行自动驾驶汽车应用安全管理义务且情节严重的,应当承担刑事责任。     

充分发挥工会信息的作用

信息工作是工会切实履行好“第一知情人”和“第一报告人”职责的主要渠道。它具有政治性、政策性、内部性和层级性，应紧紧围绕重点工作做好其收集、整理、审核与报送，以为有关领导和上级机关的科学决策提供有价值的参考。     

Decision‐making during international crises: A reexamination

The purpose of this research note is to reexamine the methods and codings of crisis decision‐making processes performed by Herek, Janis, and Huth in 1987, and thereby to discuss the role of the case survey method as a means to build theory in the study of foreign policy. The research reported here uses a somewhat different measure of decision‐making process quality and a slightly expanded list of data sources than were used by Herek and his colleagues. It reevaluates a subset of the cases explored in the previous study. This research note largely confirms the analysis of crisis decision‐making processes presented in the previous study, though it notes and discusses some discrepancies. Furthermore, this reexamination seeks to contribute to our understanding of crisis decision‐making processes by using a different conceptualization of decision‐making process quality and thus a different coding procedure.     

论国际犯罪的管辖机制

国际犯罪的管辖问题是国际刑法中最基本和最首要的问题。现行的普遍管辖、“或引渡或起诉”、并行管辖以及国际刑事法庭管辖所形成的管辖机制存在着一些不足，有待完善。应建立优先管辖原则、修正“或引渡或起诉”原则、确立国家拒绝对国际犯罪进行管辖和起诉的法律责任。     

The Role of Flexibility Mechanisms in EU Climate Strategy: Lessons Learned and Future Challenges?

The main objective of this paper is to examine the evolution of European Union (EU) climate strategy, scrutinising in particular developments in EU's views on the so-called flexibility or Kyoto mechanisms. In brief, the paper argues that there has been a gradual change in EU's views, from the role of a sceptic in the run-up to Kyoto towards becoming more of a frontrunner on emissions trading in recent years. The need to 'save Kyoto' and the protracted development of EU climate policy are highlighted as two of the most important drivers behind this process of change. This paper also discusses some of the lessons learned from international negotiations and the development of EU climate policy. Finally, and drawing upon the lessons learned, the paper explores key future challenges for the further development of EU climate strategy.     

服务型政府的体制、制度和机制分析

建设服务型政府，必须从深化行政管理体制改革开始，完善各项行政管理制度，形成行政管理的机制力量，树立“以人为本、公正透明、廉洁高效、诚信守责”的服务型政府的基本理念。为此，必须从理论上明白行政管理制度、体制和机制的不同内涵，在此基础上，才能为建设服务型政府提供正确的理论支持。     

行政复议维持决定的可诉性

行政复议制度的建立,使公民权利得到行政救济成为可能。但行政诉讼对行政复议的司法监督体制还存在诸多不完善之处。应当从立法上作出明确规定,对行政复议维持决定实行司法审查,以加强司法监督,为公民提供更充分的救济。     

《行政强制法》（草案）执行模式之质疑——兼论我国行政强制执行体制重构之必要

司法主导型的行政强制执行模式,在目前的具体的而不是抽象的国情下,既不符合公正逻辑,也不符合强力诉求的最佳选择,更不能体现"无执行"的崇高境界追求,可能会造成司法和行政的两败俱伤,当改之。在价值定位方面,行政决定程序的价值在于公正与效率的并重,行政执行的价值当在于效率,司法审查的价值当在于公正。而不是不加区分的一概谈公正。我国在可预测的将来实行以下模式更为符合国情,以求"无执行"之效果:行政机关强制执行 行政、刑事处罚模式。