Changes in Prosocial Motivation over Time: A Cross-Sector Analysis of Effects on Volunteering and Work Behavior

A gap in research on prosocial motivation is that very little is known about its change across time, let alone, how such changes affect employee behavior. Using multiple waves of panel data, covering a period of sixteen years, this article finds that prosocial motivation is mostly stable, and there are no broader socialization effects in the private and public sector. However, when prosocial motivation increases, it leads to increases in either work or volunteering behavior, suggesting that public employees may use alternative outlets to realize their motivation if such motivational capital cannot be linked to the mission of their organizations.     

A Two-Pronged Approach? Combined Leadership Styles and Innovative Behavior

This article examines the relationship between transformational, transactional, and empowering leadership and the innovative behavior of public sector employees. Instead of investigating their association individually, this article focuses on the interaction between different types of leadership. The analysis is based on a survey from one of Denmark’s largest hospitals (n = 1,647). The main result is that empowering leadership, which focuses on employee capacity, moderates the association between transformational leadership, which is directed at motivation, and innovative behavior. The findings emphasize the importance of not only focusing on a single leadership style but also understanding how they work in combination.     

Ideological representation and competitive congressional elections

Competitive elections do not produce representation. We demonstrate that elections in which incumbents win by landslides yield Representatives who are ideologically closer to their voters than elections with narrow margins. Furthermore, we demonstrate that ideological proximity to one's Representative creates feelings of trust and efficacy, but that competitive elections do not. In fact, since competitive elections produce ideological distance between voters and their Representatives, and that distance produces dissatisfaction, competitive elections indirectly reduce voters' feelings of trust and efficacy. Thus, competitive elections are paradoxically harmful to representation.     

The Yardstick of Manners

The interdependence of etiquette consumers and producers makes the contemporary etiquette guide a book of rules informed by realism rather than one etched from the behavior of the comfortable. While the acquisition of good manners facilitates comfort and mobility, the yardstick of behavior, like the measure of standard language, evolves with the times and thus is never a mere instrument of conformity.

The Impact of Neighborhood Disadvantage and Exposure to Violence on Self-Report of Antisocial Behavior Among Girls in the Juvenile Justice System

The current study extended previous research with adults and boys to girls in the juvenile justice system (N = 122; M = 16.7; SD = 1.3). Using a longitudinal research design, neighborhood disadvantage and exposure to violence (i.e., physical abuse by parents, physical abuse by peers, and witnessing violence) were assessed during incarceration. These risk factors were used to predict violent and delinquent behavior post-release. Furthermore, race specific pathways were examined to determine if the impact of these risk factors varied among Black (n = 69) and White girls (n = 53). Results indicated that Black girls were more likely than White girls to live in disadvantaged neighborhoods, but both reported similar levels of exposure to violence and self-report of antisocial behavior. Physical abuse by parents, time at risk, and age were related to violent behavior, while witnessing violence and time at risk were related to delinquent behavior. Multiple group analyses indicated the existence of race specific pathways. Specifically, physical abuse by parents was related to violent behavior for White girls while witnessing violence was related to violent and delinquent behaviors for Black girls. Results suggest that contextual processes play an important role in predicting antisocial behavior for Black girls.

Sexual Behavior and Perceived Peer Norms: Comparing Perinatally Hiv-infected and Hiv-affected Youth

A large proportion of perinatally HIV-infected (PHIV) children are becoming adolescents and exploring their sexuality. This study explored the prevalence of sexual behaviors (kissing, touching, engaging in oral sex, or having vaginal/anal intercourse) in a sample of predominantly ethnic minority youths (N = 339; 54.1% Black and 30.4% Latino; 51% female; ages 9–16) perinatally exposed to HIV (61% HIV+). Using logistic regression, we tested the association between sexual behavior and HIV status, demographic characteristics, and peer influences regarding sexual behavior. PHIV youth were less likely to be sexually active. Among sexually active youth, PHIV youth were more likely to engage in touching behavior than HIV-negative youth and were less likely to engage in penetrative sex. Youths reporting that a greater number of their peers believed that sexually active boys were “cool” or “popular” were more likely to report sexual behavior. The association between sexual behavior and peers believing sexually active girls were “cool” or “popular” varied by age, gender, and HIV status. Furthermore, friends’ sexual activity was associated with sexual intercourse. Prevention programs should strengthen messages addressing peer norms regarding sexuality, as well as address specific issues related to adolescent HIV.

云南汉族CRHBP基因多态性与暴力攻击行为的相关性

目的探讨云南汉族人群促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素结合蛋白(corticotropin releasing hormone-binding protein, CRHBP)基因多态性与暴力攻击行为的相关性。方法对云南汉族111例有攻击行为的服刑人员(包含53例抢劫,58例故意伤害)和189例健康对照样本采用改良的多重高温连接酶检测反应技术(improve Multiplex ligase detection reaction, iMLDR)检测CRHBP基因的4个Tag SNPs(rs10062367, rs32897, rs7718461, rs7721799)的基因型,应用SPSS 20.0和SHEsis软件对结果进行统计分析。结果 rs32897、rs7718461、rs7721799的等位基因和基因型分布在暴力组、抢劫亚组、故意伤害亚组和对照组中均无显著差异(P>0.05),rs10062367等位基因和基因型分布在暴力组、抢劫亚组和对照组中也无显著差异(P>0.05),但在故意伤害亚组与对照组中具有显著差异(P<0.05)。单倍型ATGA可使暴力的相对风险显著增高(P<0.05),单倍型GCAA可使指向他人暴力的相对风险显著增高(P<0.05)。结论 CRHBP基因rs10062367位点多态性可能与云南汉族人群针对他人的攻击行为有关,单倍型ATGA是暴力行为的风险因子,个体携带单倍型GCAA会使指向他人的躯体攻击行为风险增加。     

Perception of Pay Equity in Public Universities in Ghana: Effect on Individual Performance and Work Behavior

Equity theory proposes that individuals perceiving inequity seek to restore equity through appropriate behavior. This research aimed to study the relationship between perceived pay equity and individual job performance among lecturers in public universities in Ghana. Using a survey of 313 lecturers, we found that employees’ perception of equity in the pay system is a significant factor in determining their job performance. Therefore, we recommend that managers attend to equity in the design and implementation of pay systems. Moreover, issues relating to the reward system should be carefully communicated to employees in order to prevent unnecessary perceptions of inequity.     

关于强迫虚拟"性行为"的本质及其处罚的思考

关于强迫虚拟"性行为",即虚拟强奸行为和虚拟强制猥亵行为,学术界对此并没有理论研究热情,而司法机关在实践中,对部分具有危害性的虚拟性行为如组织虚拟卖淫以及虚拟卖淫行为以组织表演淫秽罪、传播淫秽物品牟利罪、传播淫秽物品罪等罪名进行定罪量刑.但是,虚拟强奸和虚拟强制猥亵行为却处于惩罚上的空白地段.因此,很有必要启动立法程序对此类危害行为进行立法规定,以便及时地以刑罚的方法进行调整.     

信用卡诈骗犯罪定性研究

信用卡诈骗罪是我国刑法中的一类新型犯罪。对于假借信用卡非法获取财物或财产性利益的行为,是否一概认定为信用卡诈骗犯罪,国内外理论和立法并不统一。以我国信用卡交易的实践及其交易规则为基础,分析我国信用卡诈骗犯罪的行为构造;在借鉴、考察国外相关立法和未来信用卡发展趋势等的基础上,提出:作为一种现代新型犯罪,我国刑法中的信用卡诈骗罪兼有传统诈骗罪和盗窃罪的双重属性。由此,可以有效避免实践中对相关犯罪行为定性上的分歧,并能适应未来信用卡犯罪的发展趋势。