论比例原则在国际海洋划界中的功能与缺陷——基于国际司法裁决的考量

根据国际司法裁决,比例原则在海洋划界中的功能可以归纳为两个层面:一是构成调整临时海洋边界线的\"相关情况\";二是作为海洋划界结果公平性检验的标准。中国有着较长的海岸线,因此在按照公平原则处理与周边邻国的海洋划界纠纷时,比例原则将发挥重要作用。但是,国际司法裁决并没有阐明需要调整临时海洋边界线的\"海岸线长度差异\"的判断标准,以及成比例检验出现\"重大比例失衡\"的检验标准,国际司法机构在此方面拥有很大的自由裁量权。因此,为克服比例原则适用时的主观性问题,未来的国际司法裁决不妨适当引入量化标准,以确保海洋划界结果的公平性和可预测性。     

Japan's peacekeeping policy: Strategic calculation or internalization of an international norm?

Abstract

With the Gulf War as a trigger, Japan began to make a humanitarian contribution by dispatching the Self Defense Forces to United Nations peacekeeping operations. Given Japan's strong hesitation for participation in the past, Japan's peacekeeping policy presents an intriguing challenge to examine the factors for a preference change and sustained compliance. By investigating Japan's peacekeeping policies towards East Timor and Haiti, this article examines how Japan's behavior and preferences were influenced by either internalized norms or cost/benefit calculations. While norm-driven behavior is considered to be incompatible with strategic calculated behavior, the article demonstrates that these two factors can co-exist.     

Why Are Some States More Generous in Offering R&D Tax Credits than Others? An Empirical Answer

This article examines political cost factors that affect a state's propensity to adopt a corporate income tax credit to encourage research and development (R&D) activities in the United States. Assuming state elected officials are vote-maximizers, this article hypothesizes that politicians' consideration of potential revenue losses and influence from organized interests are critical in a state's decision to provide a R&D tax credit. To test the hypothesis, two statistical models are specified. With a dichotomous dependent variable of whether or not a R&D tax credit is offered, a Logit regression model is utilized. For the interval level dependent variable of effective R&D credit rates, this article specifies a Tobit model. The results show that politicians' concerns about revenue losses loom much larger than private organized interests.     

Closing Off Opportunities for Crime: An Evaluation of Alley-Gating

A new situational crime prevention measure recently introduced into Great Britain involves the fitting of gates to alleyways running along the back of terraced properties to restrict access to local residents and reduce opportunities for offenders. A number of quantitative techniques were used to assess the success of the intervention in reducing burglary in the City of Liverpool. The results demonstrate that, relative to a suitable comparison area, burglary was reduced by approximately 37%, there was a diffusion of benefit to properties in the surrounding areas, and the scheme was cost beneficial with a saving of £1.86 for every pound spent. The analyses provide persuasive evidence that these reductions were attributable to the intervention. We argue that the methodological techniques demonstrated here can be applied more widely to crime prevention evaluations.     

现阶段我国公安“打击与防范”关系浅析

"打击与防范"是公安机关的重要工作和两大职能。公安的"打击与防范"具有一致性,辩证统一性,二者是成本与效益、治标与治本的关系。正确处理二者的关系是做好公安工作,有效地维护社会治安的关键。