冲突预防与非政府组织的作用

学界对冲突预防(CP)的理解充满争论。本文把CP分为结构型和直接型预防两类。前者着重讨论冲突原发地的潜在原因,并致力于一种长期的参与;后者主要关注短期策略以及冲突方和第三方的互动。在实践中,国家和政府间组织(IGOs)一直是CP的主导力量。联合国就是最明显的参与者,在冲突预防中扮演着重要的领导角色。鉴于当代冲突的动态和特点与传统的国家间冲突不同,NGO在预防国际冲突中的作用得到越来越多的关注。NGOs在CP中的各种角色和活动往往是和国家及政府间组织并行或同在的。在实践中,全世界各国、IGOs以及参与经济、政治和社会关系的NGOs之间存在着依存关系。提高解决当代冲突的能力和效率,我们就应该也必须通过一个跨国框架来增进国家、IGOs和NGOs之间的合作与协调。     

关于制定我国《艾滋病防治条例》若干问题研究

近年来我国日益严峻的艾滋病形势要求必须尽快制定艾滋病防治条例。条例内容主要应包括立法目的、范围、防治方针与主管部门、预防与控制、检测与监测、治疗与救助、权利与义务、法律责任等。在制定条例时，应注意突出宣传教育、行为干预、自愿咨询检测、职业暴露等内容，以体现时代特点。     

“三队一室”运作模式的警务价值评析

派出所工作是公安基层基础建设中最重要的一环。派出所“三队一室”警务模式改革,着力解决长期困扰基层派出所工作运行中的警力难以下沉、机构设置不合理、职能分配不明确、勤务效率不高、防范不到位、打击不及时等突出问题,保证了基层基础工作在“大防范”中基础性、先导性的战略地位,有利于实现统一、高效、完整的现代警务运行机制。     

高速公路出入联络线交通事故原因分析

高速公路出入联络线由于区段、行车条件和驾驶员心理的变化 ,其事故形态及成因都有其特殊的规律 :一、驾驶员在高速公路城镇出入联络线路段行车时 ,常常进入一种混沌状态 ,表现出驶离高速公路的不适应性 ;二、高速公路的出入联络线较高速公路行车道的行车条件发生了变化 ,车道变窄 ,坡道变多 ,弯道变小 ,以至追尾、撞车、失控等事故形态常常发生。     

群体性事件心理分析

近年来,因各种人民内部矛盾引发的群体性事件不断增多,社会影响越来越大,成为影响社会稳定和治安秩序的突出问题。不少专家学者从群体性事件的成因及处置对策方面进行了许多有益探讨,本文拟从犯罪心理学的角度,对这一现象产生的心理原因、心理过程及心理预防等问题进行一些探讨。     

Evaluation of a Psychoeducational Program to Help Adolescents Cope

Over 20% of a sample of 706 young adolescents identified themselves as experiencing difficulties and being in need of specific help in coping. A psychoeducational Program Helping Adolescents Cope was offered to 112 of those. This was adapted, with permission, from the Coping with Stress Course, devised by Albano et al. (1997). Participants progress was monitored and evaluated using qualitative and quantitative measures. The psychoeducational Program was found to be significantly effective in reducing participants depression scores, in reducing their reliance on unproductive means of coping and overall in helping them cope. This article presents the methodology used, key results and discusses the implications of this work for professionals working with adolescents in the area of prevention and coping.Claire Hayes is a clinical and educational psychologist who has recently moved from her post of lecturer in the National University of Ireland Maynooth to develop the Break through Anxiety service as a private practitioner. She received her PhD in Education/Psychology from Dublin City University, Ireland. Her major research interests are in how psychological theories, such as cognitive behavioural theory, can be taught as a means of prevention and copingMark Morgan is Head of Education in St. Patricks College, Drumcondra, Dublin 9, which is part of Dublin City University. He received his PhD in social psychology from the London School of Economics. His research has mainly been in the area of literacy, educational disadvantage and substance use, particularly the evaluation of prevention programmes.     

Measurement Properties of the Communities That Care<Superscript>®</Superscript> Youth Survey Across Demographic Groups

Prevention science has produced information about risk and protective factors that predict adolescent drug use and related problem behaviors. This paper investigates the Communities That Care Youth Survey that measures multiple risk and protective factors. Using a sample of 172,628 students who participated in surveys administered in seven states in 1998, analyses were conducted to test the factor structure of these risk and protective factors and to test the equivalence of the factor models across five racial/ethnic groups (African Americans, Asians or Pacific Islanders, Caucasians, Hispanic Americans, and Native Americans), four grade levels (6th, 8th, 10th, and 12th) and both gender groups. Results support the construct validity of the surveys risk and protective factor scales and indicate that the measures are equally reliable across males and females and five racial/ethnic groups. Implications of these findings for science-based prevention planning are discussed.     

When Public Protection Becomes Punishment? The UK Use of Civil Measures to Contain the Sex Offender

In keeping with many countries the UK has moved the problem of sexual offending up the political agenda. On the criminal justice side sentences have been increased and supervision periods extended. On the civil side a raft of new measures have been put in place to regulate the behaviour of sex offenders in the interest of community safety and child protection; this paper examines these measures and, in particular takes the sex offender ‘register’ as a case study to show how political imperatives have been brought to bear with little reference to the research or professional views of practitioners in this area. It is contended that under these political pressures, what starts life as a preventive, regulatory measure can easily become a more punitive measure in its own right; as such it may be liable to challenge by those subject to it for failing to fulfil its primary purpose and for straying across a line between the civil and criminal aspects of intervention.     

Digital Realism and the Governance of Spam as Cybercrime

Spamming is a major threat to the formation of public trust in the Internet and discourages broader civil participation in the emerging information society. To the individual, spams are usually little more than a nuisance, but collectively they expose Internet users to a panoply of new risks while threatening the communications and commercial infrastructure. Spamming also raises important questions of criminological interest. On the one hand it is an example of a pure cybercrime – a harmful behaviour mediated by the Internet that is the subject of criminal law, while on the other hand, it is a behaviour that has in practice been most effectively contained technologically by the manipulation of ‘code’ – but at what cost? Because there is not an agreed meaning as to what constitutes ‘online order’ that renders it simply and uncritically reducible to a set of formulae and algorithms that can be subsequently imposed (surreptitiously) by technological processes. The imposition of order online, as it is offline, needs to be subject to critical discussion and also checks and balances that have their origins in the authority of law. This article deconstructs and analyses spamming behaviour, before exploring the boundaries between law and code (technology) as governance in order to inform and stimulate the debate over the embedding of cybercrime prevention policy within the code itself.     

Deconstructing “Force and Fraud”: An Empirical Assessment of the Generality of Crime

Gottfredson and Hirschi (A General Theory of Crime, Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA, 1990) have proposed a general theory of crime to explain a set of behaviors they refer to as acts of force and fraud. Central to their theory is the claim that force and fraud are both manifestations of the individual's unrestrained pursuit of short-term gratification. At the same time, research from numerous disciplines suggests that the correlates of violence differ somewhat from those of property crime. The present study therefore uses data from the National Youth Survey to explore whether force and fraud can legitimately be viewed as manifestations of a single underlying construct among American adolescents. Overall, findings from confirmatory factor analyses suggest that they cannot. Rather, they suggest that multi-factor models of force and fraud improve significantly upon the fit of single-factor models and that force and fraud may therefore reflect overlapping, but empirically distinct, constructs.