Employer aversion to criminal records: An experimental study of mechanisms

The mark of a criminal record is clearly harmful for employment. The reasons for employer aversion, however, are not well established even though legal, policy, and scholarly responses rely on particular explanations. We propose that explanations for aversion often fit under a repetition risk framework in which employers use records as neutral sources of information about prior illegal activity and make decisions to minimize risk of similar future conduct. A second explanation is stigma, in which the records themselves, independent of conduct, trigger stereotypes, status loss, and discrimination. Using an experimental employer survey, we find that employers evaluate applicants with records more negatively than they do applicants with similar behavior signaled through non-criminal-justice sources (e.g., social media); this effect remains after accounting for predictions about future conduct. It is also most apparent among higher status jobs rather than among manual labor jobs, and it persists after adjusting for firm-level and legal constraints. We conclude that aversion reflects not only repetition risk but also the stigma of criminal justice contact. Insofar as criminal record screening is not exclusively a form of rational risk management, this finding may lead to altered assessments of the benefits of screening relative to the costs of perpetuating inequality produced by the criminal justice system.     

Using Qualitative Data-Mining to Identify Skillful Practice in Child Welfare Case Records

Using qualitative data-mining methods, this study analyzed 39 child welfare case records in order to identify examples of skillful practice. Conducted in partnership with a public child welfare agency in northern California, the study found that child welfare workers are implementing many of the practices promoted by statewide and national child welfare practice frameworks. Broad categories of skillful practice identified included: (1) effective communication by social workers, (2) support for client self-determination, and (3) active intervention strategies. Study findings provide support for incorporating case record review processes in training and supervision in order to integrate practice-based expertise with research-based evidence.     

On the applicability of secondary dentin formation to radiological age estimation in young adults

The literature provides linear regression formulas for dental age estimation that is based on radiological two-dimensional measurements of the pulp size. The aim of the present study was to explore whether the previously presented regression formulas could lead to statistically sound results and to appropriate repeatability when applied to young individuals. Orthopantomograms (OPGs) of 44 Austrian individuals, aged between 13 and 24 years, were selected at random. In accordance with the reported method, six teeth on each OPG were chosen to carry out the measurements. Statistical analysis was performed in order to assess the difference between the estimated and the true chronological age. The regression formulas reported by Kvaal et al. (1995) led to a consistent underestimation; the regression formulas reported by Paewinsky et al. (2005) resulted in a constant overestimation of age. The statistical analysis of intraobserver and interobserver variation revealed a variation width below 2%, respectively.     

Usefulness of combining clinical and radiological dental findings for a more accurate noninvasive age estimation

The aim of this study was to establish correlations of clinical and radiological dental findings, alone or in combination, with chronological age in adults. Dental findings and orthopantomograms of 984 patients (aged 20-60 years; 524 females/460 males) were analyzed. DMF-T index and distance (alveolar bone level, ABL) between cemento-enamel junction and alveolar bone margin were recorded. Additionally, clinical and radiological findings at each tooth crown and root were collected according to the actual status of destruction and restoration, and a total score for each dentition (TSD) was calculated. After univariate correlation analysis, correlation coefficients for ABL and TSD were improved by using square root (sqrt). However, the determination accuracy was still not satisfactory; 90% of the residuals were in the range of about +/-10. The present study showed that clinical and radiological dental findings could not be used, not even in combination, for accurate age estimation as a single method, but that they could support other methods.     

Morphologic analysis of third-molar mineralization for eastern Turkish children and youth

To date, there has been no chronological age estimation according to third-molar mineralization in eastern Turkish children and adolescents. The aim of this study was to analyze the development of the mandibular third molar and its relationship to chronological age in subjects aged 7-22 years according to Demirjian's stages. The final sample consisted of 1348 [622 males (mean age, 12.72 ± 3.14) and 726 females (mean age, 12.92 ± 2.89)] conventional orthopantomograms from eastern Turkish youths. An independent t-test was performed to evaluate the difference between sexes. Regression analysis was performed to obtain regression formulae for dental age calculation with chronological age. In males, there was a difference between males and females only at stage C (p = 0.03); females were advanced 0.37 years compared with males at the stage C. Third-molar development among eastern Turkish children and youths occurs at a more advanced age than other populations for almost all stages.     

Mariah Carey 2014 Tour in Chengdu

正Date:October 12,2014Place:Chengdu Sports Center Price:RMB 180/280/380/480/680/980/1280/1680As one of the most popular female vocalists,Mariah Carey has sold more than 200 million albums all over the world and has had 18 No.1 singles recorded in Billboard,which exceeds records set by the likes of Elvis Presley and Michael Jackson.She has won i ve Grammy Awards and is credited with innovating     

高职书记官专业法律类课程实训教学研究

高职书记官专业法律类课程是专业核心课程,为书记官专业人才培养目标实现提供必要的法律素养支撑.结合该专业人才培养需求和培养现状,探讨法律类课程实训的相关问题.     

贯彻落实档案法促进高校档案管理工作

档案是历史的真实记录 ,是了解一个单位甚至一个国家社会历史发展的必要条件 ,档案保管的好坏体现着一个单位的管理水平。当前档案工作尤其是高校档案工作还存在许多问题亟需完善 ,加强管理。《档案法》的真正落实 ,依法治档还是一个长期的过程。     

当代农村人际关系变迁的实证研究——以结婚礼账的宾客记录为依据

迄今，国内学者主要研究了城市的人际关系，而农村的人际关系却研究得不够充分。以河北省海兴县高湾镇为例，运用访谈调查法，根据结婚礼账上的宾客记录，明确了当前农村人际关系的现状。分析发现：城市化快速发展导致农村的人际关系产生了如下变化，（1）因缘结构依照血缘关系、姻缘关系、趣缘关系、学缘关系、地缘关系、其他关系顺序依次减少。（2）关系总量及不同因缘关系的数量因家庭而呈现显著差异，表现出严重的分化状态。（3）人际关系以个人间关系为主，而家庭间关系较少，并且人际关系呈现显著的同质性。（4）在因缘范围方面，血缘关系基本维持在四等亲以内，而姻缘关系基本维持在三等亲以内。（5）人际关系的感情性较弱，而功利性较强，这种倾向甚至体现在近亲属之间。（6）人际关系的功利性指向已经成为目前农村人际交往的规则。本文最后，就研究发现的产生机制、普适性进行了讨论，并指出了今后需要进一步研究的问题。     

浅议未成年人犯罪记录封存制度

近年来,一些地方法院,比如河北石家庄、乐陵法院等对未成年人犯罪记录封存制度进行了试点,取得了一定成效,积累了部分经验。在2012年最终将该制度写入了刑诉法,虽然,不可否认,该制度确实在实践中发挥了重大作用,但是不能忽略围绕该制度还存在许多问题,比如封存时间、封存范围、封存程序,该制度与其他机构如何协调,如何解决与其他制度的矛盾,等等,这些还需要不断的完善。