建立我国公益诉讼制度的设想

在比较和分析国外公益诉讼的基础之上,本文论证了在我国设立公益诉讼的必要性和合理性,并对我国公益诉讼制度的设计提出了具体的设想。     

生物技术与国际法

随着生物技术的飞速发展,它在现实生活中碰到了一些新的问题,其中既有知识产权法律保护问题,又有社会伦理道德等理论问题;既有政府管理部门实际管理政策问题,又有实践中关涉公民的食品安全等切身利益问题。本文拟结合国内外生物技术知识产权保护的现状,对生物技术与专利、生物技术与食品安全及生物技术与WTO有关协定的关系做些初步的探讨。     

和谐社会中的人性预设与制度安排

和谐社会是一系列的制度构成,制度不是锲入人类社会中,而是融合人类社会之中。制度的安排必须基于客观的人性预设上,通过制度消除人性之恶、张扬人性之善。社会主义和谐社会的制度建构,应该处处体现出人文情怀、人性关爱。     

现代企业的组织设计与政府宏观管理

企业组织设计所涉及的产权结构、组织形式、管理类型和规模设置等要素 ,对企业行为的影响是基础性的、根本的、长期的。企业健全的组织行为既是社会全面发展的基础 ,也是政府实施有效宏观管理的必备条件     

电子商务商业方法专利的创造性判断标准分析

自1998年以来,世界各主要国家对于电子商务商业方法的可专利性逐渐达成共识,但是在实施何种创造性判断标准方面却各行其是。本文首先从理论上对电子商务商业方法专利的创造性判断标准进行阐述,认为应当从发明方案的整体角度考察,并且厘清了创造性与技术性的关系。继之,文章对美国、欧盟和日本在实践中并未坚持贯彻该理论标准的原因进行了分析,得出具体标准还应考虑各国专利法律制度整体及科技与产业发展水平。最后,结合具体国情,本文认为,我国应当明确以“非显而易见性”即“突出的实质性特点”为标准,从发明方案的整体去判断,而不必苛求其中的计算机信息网络技术具有过高的创新性。     

专利联营之反垄断规制分析

由于“专利灌丛”问题,产业发展越来越受控于很多分散的、独立的专利权。专利联营解决了这一问题,它整合了互补技术,降低了交易成本,排除了专利间实施的交互限制,避免了昂贵的法律诉讼。但由于专利联营固有的“联合”特点,使其必然对联合体之外的市场主体构成限制竞争,具有“垄断”的先天嫌疑,而由于专利联营政策越来越被拥有较多专利权的跨国企业控制,特别是信息领域技术标准制定中诞生的专利联营,已经凸现出滥用市场支配力、防碍技术创新的趋势。因此,有必要制定专利联营的反垄断规则。     

体育动作可专利性法律问题研究

体育产业化要求利用知识产权保护体育运动参与者的经济利益。体育动作的不断革新要求对引入专利保护进行研究。通过分析专利制度法律规定和体育动作的特性发现,体育动作具有受到专利保护的可能性。但是,通过专利保护体育动作仍然需要克服许多困难,只有体育产业和法律制度能够良好的协调和互动,才能通过体育动作的专利保护促进体育运动的进步和体育产业的健康发展。     

制度构建与社会变迁——近代中国专利立法论

从《资政新篇》的问世到1944年《中华民国专利法》的颁布,近代中国专利制度的建立经历了一个艰难曲折的历程。由于近代专利制度是从西方移植而来,加之近代中国社会的动荡,因而近代专利制度对近代中国经济发展的促进作用远逊于西方。     

Trading old errors for new errors? The impact of electronic voting technology on party label votes in Brazil

In the mid-1990s, Brazil introduced electronic voting technology that reduced residual ballots and consequently expanded de facto enfranchisement. We employ a regression discontinuity design similar to that of previous studies of the Brazilian electronic voting technology to show that electronic technology also caused a sharp rise in party label votes (votos de legenda) that can only be explained by voting error. We show that this error offsets a large portion of the gains in enfranchisement, highlighting the fact that even generally positive changes in voting procedures can have negative effects. Our results also suggest that party label votes should not be considered a measure of party strength in the Brazilian context.     

The survival and termination of party mergers in Europe

Why do constituent parties that participated in a party merger that was intended to be permanent decide to leave the merger to re‐enter party competition separately? To address this question, merger termination is conceptualised in this article as an instance of new party formation, coalition termination and institutionalisation failure. Building on this conceptualisation, three sets of factors are presented that account for which mergers are likely to be terminated by constituent parties and which are not. To test these three sets of hypotheses, a mixed‐methods design is used. First, survival analysis is applied to a new dataset on the performance of mergers in 21 European democracies during the postwar period. The findings support hypotheses derived from a conception of merger termination as new party formation: pre‐ and post‐merger legislative performance significantly affect the probability of merger termination. Furthermore, the institutionalisation of constituent parties helps to sustain mergers if the latter already built trust in pre‐merger cooperation, in line with the conception of merger termination as institutionalisation failure. Two theory‐confirming case studies are then analysed: one case of merger survival and the other of termination. These case studies substantiate the working of the significant variables identified in the large‐N analysis that drove the selection of case studies. They also reveal how mediating factors difficult to capture in large‐N designs help to account for why factors that – theoretically – should have complicated the working of the ‘survival case’, and should have been beneficial to the ‘termination case’, did not generate the expected effects.