Linking context and strategy in donor support for decentralisation: a diagnostic framework

International donors, long‐standing supporters of decentralisation reforms in developing countries, often face the challenge of aligning programme assistance to the great variety of country governance settings in which many operate. This article presents a framework for assessing the implications of governance and institutional context for a range of programming challenges, with particular reference to the challenge of decentralised programming. The framework has three conceptual steps. Country governance and institutional change environments are first described in terms of how enabling governance capacities are for decentralised programming, and how rapid and predictable the rate of institutional change is. Second, these environmental considerations are associated with overall assistance modalities of donors, in areas such as the type of partners sought and interventions selected. Third, a range of options concerning the aims, scope and extent of decentralising programming are reviewed and linked to the diagnostic framework above. The framework is broadly derived from organisational contingency theory, which it is argued has been relatively neglected in the study of development administration due to a preponderance of analysis based on single‐case studies. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

发展哲学视野下以人为本的主体透视

从发展哲学的视角看,以人为本作为当代社会生活的核心理念,它的主体不应也不能局限在执政者的层面,而应该有三个层面:市民社会里的普通个人,市场经济中的公私企业,国家管理中的党和政府。其中普通个人、一般民众的以人为本自觉应该是整个社会以人为本实践的基本主体和重要基础。     

论国际河流后开发国家的权利与义务

国际河流后开发国家特殊的地理位置使其对国际河流的开发会对先开发国家的既得利益产生重要影响.国家对位于其领土内的国际水资源享有主权是后开发国家对国际河流享有开发利用权最主要的法理基础,“先占主义”理论在国际实践中鲜获支持,国际仲裁、判例进一步确认了后开发国家开发利用国际水资源的权利和义务.故国际河流后开发国家享有开发利用国际河流的权利,同时也应承担相应的国际责任和义务.我国作为大部分国际河流的后开发国家也应受到启示,以实现国际水资源的可持续利用.     

固绿显现血手印方法的研究

固绿显现剂是一种血手印显现新试剂,该试剂对新鲜的或陈旧的血手印都有较好的显现效果,刺激性气味小,对人身体伤害小。该试剂的研发为现场血手印的显现提供了一种新的可供选择的方法。     

中国共产党人马克思主义观的发展逻辑——基于改革开放以来的分析

考察改革开放以来中国共产党人马克思主义观的发展史，可以发现党的几代领导集体对马克思主义观的传承和创新具有严密的发展逻辑：在发生学意义上，体现了必然性和应然性的统一，既有渊源深厚的思想根基和实践基础．也存在新时代新境遇的客观需求；在历史流变角度上，体现了阶段性和整体性的统一，邓小平理论、“三个代表”重要思想和科学发展观的提出反映了发展的阶段性，而中国特色社会主义理论体系的最终确立则展现出发展的整体性；在演化特征角度上，体现了一脉相承性和与时俱进性的统一，不仅承接“老祖宗”的“根”之脉络．还伴随时代课题的嬗变不断吐故纳新，创造性地吸纳合乎时代要求的新内容。     

Socio‐economic Considerations in Biosafety and Biotechnology Decision Making: The Cartagena Protocol and National Biosafety Frameworks

Article 26.1 of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety left open the possibility for member countries to include in their biosafety regulatory processes the assessment of socio‐economic considerations. Countries may also decide to include such assessments as part of their national legislation or regulations for the approval and deliberate release into the environment of genetically engineered technologies. Countries are debating if and how to implement assessment of socio‐economic considerations. This paper contributes to the ongoing policy dialogue by discussing issues related to socio‐economic assessment including scope, timing, inclusion modalities, methods, decision‐making rules and standards, and the integration of socio‐economic assessments in biosafety and/or biotechnology approval processes. This paper also discusses the implications of such inclusion for technology flows and public and private sector R&D. If inclusion is not done properly, it may negatively impact technology flows especially from the public sector and render an unworkable biosafety system.     

Greening Constitutions with Environmental Rights: Testing the Isomorphism Thesis

Why do some countries have constitutional environmental rights while others do not? In this paper, I conduct statistical analyses to respond to this inquiry. Through studying the impact of intraregional constitutional design, I aim to understand why states adopt environmental rights. I argue that regional isomorphism—i.e., the tendency among states within a region to converge on certain policies—may explain the trend toward constitutionalization of environmental rights. In this paper I (1) define and provide historical background on environmental rights, (2) describe theories which support regional isomorphism as a means of explaining the adoption of constitutional environmental rights, and (3) conduct statistical tests to determine the validity of the regional isomorphism thesis. I find that the enactment of constitutional environmental rights within a region does not increase the likelihood that another state within the same region will include environmental rights within its constitution.     

Nonpunctuated and Sweeping Policy Change: Bhutan Tobacco Policy Making from 1991 to 2009

This paper examines policy outputs associated with the 2004 Bhutan antitobacco law, including 2009 amendments, to determine if the law is congruent with punctuated equilibrium or social policy realism theories of policy change. There was no direct and sudden tobacco policy output change in Bhutan due to a shock to the policy system contrary to what punctuated equilibrium theory would predict. Rather, policy change was sweeping but nonpunctuated. This paper reconfirms prior findings of social policy realism theory that various and complex policy output patterns occur due to a mixture of contingent and complex factors. Under social policy realism, a complex interplay of factors drive policy with the state, corporate actors, and interest groups, and the market often playing a primary role. These complex policy outputs have a direct impact on society and the natural environment reflected in government policy output actions or inactions.     

简论罪犯的需求

需求是人行为的动力源泉，罪犯的行为是由某些需求导致和决定的。要科学认识和对待罪犯的需求，因势利导，充分发挥需求的积极影响，满足罪犯合理合法需求，调动罪犯改造的积极性；避免和减少需求对罪犯的消极影响，遏止罪犯的非法需求，严防罪犯的危险行为；抑制罪犯的不合理需求，加强制度防范与科学疏导。     

新形势下地市级党校教学转型的基本推进路径论析

教学转型是新形势下地市级党校深入贯彻落实科学发展观所必须关注的重要理论与实践课题之一。文章在对教学转型的科学内涵与基本特征初步分析的基础上，从干部教育培训事业转型发展以及提升地市级党校干部教育培训综合竞争力这两个方面简要地探讨了新形势下地市级党校教学转型的主要驱动因素。推动新形势下地市级党校教学转型的基本路径可以初步概括为三个方面，即：树立多元化的教学改革理念，建立健全教学转型的保障机制，推进教学活动的主要构成要素整体转型。