Causality and causation in tort law

This paper considers alternative approaches to dealing with causal uncertainty in strict liability tort regimes. Beginning from the philosophical literature on causing, a distinction is made between the scientific idea of causality and the legal idea of causation. This distinction is generalized to a context of causal uncertainty and associated probabilities are constructed. It is shown that a rule of proportional liability whereby the tortfeasor pays damages in proportion to the probability in causation of them having caused the damage would be socially efficient. This contrasts with the implied use of the probability in causality by the courts and in the law and economics literature on causal uncertainty.     

吉林省汽车后市场发展路径探析

做为吉林省的支柱产业,吉林省汽车业当前仍处于＂重制造、轻服务＂的发展阶段,汽车前市场相对完善,而汽车后市场则刚刚起步。随着我国汽车业的竞争逐渐进入后市场时代,这必将成为吉林省汽车业发展的桎梏。本文立足于吉林省汽车产业的发展现状,分析了吉林省汽车后市场存在的问题,并对吉林省汽车后市场未来的发展路径进行了初步探索,旨在为吉林省汽车后市场的规范和建设提供有益思路。     

Democratic Transition and Economic Transition： The Case of Tunisia

This paper develops the issue of economic transition linked to a democratic transition that a developing country, Tunisia, is living following the revolution of 2011. Tunisia has made a profound change, it is currently developing new institutions, however, it is not an annuitant country, its activities and economic performances depend on political stability and the choice of the implemented politico-economic system. The question is whether the operating political forces will affect the direction of structural changes, thus toward a transition of breakage or the direction of adaptive transition. Neo-liberalism, practiced for 30 years, has developed an entrepreneurship structured as small and medium enterprises, whose performances are variable according to the sector and the state role. With the revolution, the country entered in a phase of political, social, and economic instability. A new constitution is passed, the political system installs the multiparty system, the country has a tradition of openness to the rest of the world, the challenges are numerous and the question of the role of the state in the economic sphere is very acute. The analysis is based on the observation of facts and the review and analysis of data relating to politics and economy, observed in the period before the revolution and after the revolution.     

贵州省苗族地区中小学民族文化课程开发的现状及对策研究

在对贵州省苗族地区中小学民族文化课程开发现状的个案调查基础上 ,发现民族地区民族文化课程开发停留在浅层面 ,学校课程尚未成为民族文化传承的主渠道 ,地方课程资源开发不力 ,致使学生对民族文化疏于了解。就此认为民族地区基础教育民族文化课程的开发应从观念层、政策层面、支持系统及实践层面等方面进行 ,以推进民族文化课程的实施。     

论警察院校警体教学的发展趋势

警察院校警体课区别于普通高校的体育课,在教学及实践活动中,警察职业的专业性尤为突出,警体教育思想、教学内容、教学方法、客观评价体系等方面都在与时俱进,今后警体教学的发展趋势,要求教学理论系统化、教学信息现代化、教学内容实战化、教学训练长期化。     

世界产业组织结构变化及我国企业组织结构的发展构想

世界产业组织结构的变化对世界各国的经济产生了深刻的影响。改革开放以来,我国企业组织结构也发生了深刻变化。要进一步抓住全球经济一体化的机会,制定相应的发展战略,促进我国企业组织结构的合理调整,推动全国经济的发展。     

整合产生强势竞争力--广西县域工业快速发展模式探究

善于对资源要素进行合理整合才会产生强势竞争力.考察广西近年一些县份经济的快速发展,不难发现有以下几种成功模式一是依托大企业产品向两头延伸拓展形成的整合竞争力模式;二是专业化生产配套产品形成的整合竞争力模式三是产品集群生产形成的整合竞争力模式;四是特色产业大基地种植+集群深加工的整合竞争力模式.     

Labour Crisis and Innovation in Developing Countries: An Analysis of Locum Program for Health Personnel in Malawi

This article interrogates the dynamics of public sector innovation within the context of labor crisis in a developing country environment. It finds that to minimize the impacts of labor shortage in the health sector, Malawi uses a locum program where health workers are encouraged to work extra hours and are paid overtime allowances accordingly. The article observes that although the program has been pivotal in motivating the existing staff to go the extra mile and attempt to cover up for the labor shortages, it is rocked with several challenges which usually disrupt effective service delivery. These include delayed payments, sustainability problems, governance challenges, work ethics challenges, and negative effects of the quality of services delivered. Taking a qualitative approach, the analysis combines the use of primary and secondary data.     

Evidence-Based Approaches to Crime Prevention in Developing Countries

The purpose of this paper is to review the present state of the evidence base on the effectiveness of crime prevention programmes and practices in developing countries and to consider the prospects for its improvement. The paper summarises the findings from a scoping review of the literature and develops some suggestions about how the void it finds might be filled. A key focus is on the quality of the methodology used in the research from which the findings are drawn. Against this background the paper considers the degree to which findings about effectiveness, even where they are derived from high quality research on the impact of a criminal justice intervention, are likely to be generalisable from the location of an experiment or pilot to other settings or countries. Building an evidence based on the effectiveness of crime prevention or crime reduction interventions for developing countries would clearly be a major task. Many kinds of political, social, economic and other forces, which vary from country to country, may mediate the impact of criminal justice interventions. The result may be that what works well in one country may not work at all well elsewhere for all kinds of reasons. The principal challenge in creating an evidence base is to develop inclusion criteria when making cross-country comparisons that strike an appropriate balance between the costs and benefits of greater methodological rigour and generalisation.     

宋代咏物词的发展脉络

宋代咏物词的发展可分为承袭期、反正期、高涨期和汇合期四个阶段。承袭期注重描绘物象的外在形态，风格冶艳；反正期开始赋予事物以生命和情感，朝着敦煌、盛中叟原创期咏物词的录城大道反正、回归；高涨期更多借物抒情，托物言志，并在时代因素的作用下，形成家国身世之恨的新主题；在汇合期，家国之恨已成为咏物词创作的社会心理基础，而且不同词派都注重谋篇布局、造语运典、仍律合韵之法，表明南宋后期雅化、诗化已成为词体创作的共同蕲向。