林业项目差别财政扶持制度设计研究

林业是一个具有典型外部经济的行业,兼具生态、经济和社会功能。从改善生态环境、推动经济发展、促进社会进步的角度看,当代中国林业是一个需要重点发展的行业。而林业建设与公共财政有密不可分的联系,政府需要对林业给予大力支持。林业项目需要补偿的是其巨大的社会和生态效益,在建立科学的评价体系、定量界定林业的生态和社会效益的基础上,国家可以根据不同林业项目的生态和社会效益指标,实施公平的差别扶持制度。而差别补贴、差别税率、差别信贷和贴息政策、绿色证书制度的设计都是建立林业财政差别扶持制度的必然选择。     

Meeting the enemy: American exceptionalism and international law

Howard Zinn has been classified in a number of ways for his many social contributions. However, despite the breadth of his work, he has never been considered a criminologist. It is likely that this is the result of the inaccurate perceptions many Americans have about crime being a predominantly street‐level social problem. Zinn maintains that the social harms caused by those in positions of political and economic power are in fact crimes against humanity that are far more destructive and violent than the actions our legal system has historically deemed criminal. He also points to the ways our criminal justice system is unjust and ineffective, and has demonstrated how social inequality ensures that the disadvantaged will be further subordinated by the criminal justice system. Zinn’s critical contributions about the most significant sources of social harm, the unjust nature of the American justice system, and the influence of social inequality offer an unorthodox criminological perspective that deserves special consideration. His unconventional criminology calls for increasing social justice by means of political dissent, social resistance, and civil disobedience.     

Morphometric Investigation of Death by Asphyxia

Abstract:  The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of distinguishing deaths by asphyxia from those due to natural causes by comparing morphometric measurements in lungs. The study population comprised 27 subjects: 14 cases of death by asphyxia (hanging or drowning) and 13 cases of sudden natural death. Eighty parenchyma sections were used for each subject. Data were collected by computerized image analysis. Measurements aimed at quantifying, as percentages, pulmonary parenchyma (mean values of positive-fraction areas [PFA] and their standard deviations). Subjects who died of natural causes and of drowning showed a relative internal homogeneity compared to those who hanged. Results show significant discrimination between drowned subjects and those dying of natural causes (mean of PFA p  = 0.01) and between hanged and drowned subjects (SD of PFA p  = 0.04). Attention must be paid to the possible role played by senile emphysema. The method is proposed as a complementary tool in forensic cases.     

Membership accession in the African Union: The relationship between enforcement and compliance,and the case for differential membership

It is argued in this paper that the level of non-compliance is high in the Organisation of African Unity/African Union in part because the organisation failed to institute and enforce strict membership accession conditionalities. Across the life of the organisation, this has resulted in non-compliance, mainly the non-payment of dues and non-implementation of policies. This position adds a historical dimension to arguments that identify weak economic capacity and the lack of political will as the main sources of non-compliance. It also supports the thesis that the enforcement of strict accession rules prepares states to perform their obligations and sets them up to receive benefits from the group. In 2002, Africa's continental body changed its mandate from liberation to integration. Since integration requires the strict enforcement of accession rules, the paper suggests that the organisation proceed by choosing differential membership to align the behaviour of its members to their obligations.     

Minimizing the cost of dispatch delays by holding patrol cars in reserve

At many police departments high-priority callers sometimes incur undue delays that could be avoided by the use of a differential response strategy that takes full account of the different costs of delay for different priority calls. In this article we examine such a strategy, in which lower-priority callers may not be served immediately, even though some response units are available. Arriving priorityi callers are queued whenever the number of busy patrol units equals or exceeds the cutoff number for that priority. Our purpose is (1) to find a practical way of choosing the set of cutoff numbers that will minimize the expected total cost of delays for the entire system and (2) to use that method to investigate how the optimal set of cutoffs changes in response to changes in several important variables, including the relative costs of delay for different priorities, the overall workload, and the relative frequencies of different priority calls.     

178例心源性猝死法医组织病理学诊断分析

目的探讨心源性猝死(SCD)的病理特点与鉴别要点。方法对四川华西法医学鉴定中心2000—2005年尸检出的178例SCD死亡案例进行回顾性分析,主要对其病因、年龄、诱因及病理改变进行分析。结果本组资料显示冠心病、心传导系统病变、心肌炎、心肌病等在SCD中占有较大比例。冠心病猝死是中老年人SCD的最主要原因,青壮年人SCD的病因以非冠心病为主。如传导系统病变、心肌炎、心肌病。在儿童的SCD中先天性心脏病、传导系统病变及心肌炎占主导地位。结论不同的病因,其病理特点不同,其病理变化是法医学鉴定的主要依据。     

Friendship Networks and Delinquency: The Relative Nature of Peer Delinquency

Although acknowledging the importance of adolescent friendships in the etiology of delinquency, prior studies have yet to provide a detailed examination of the role of actual friendship networks in delinquency. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (1995–1996), this study's incorporation of friendship networks allows for a more rigorous conceptualization and measurement of peer delinquency based on carefully defined networks of adolescent friendships. Findings illustrate that friendship networks are very heterogenous in terms of members' participation in delinquent behavior with the majority of adolescents belonging to networks containing both delinquent and non-delinquent friends. In support of differential association's premise that delinquent behavior is influenced by the ratio of definitions favorable to those unfavorable to law violation (Sutherland, 1947), the proportion of delinquent friends in a respondent's network is most strongly associated with respondents' subsequent delinquency. This relative measure of peer delinquency is preferable to a measure of the absolute level of delinquency occurring by friends, the average delinquency committed by friends, or the absolute number of delinquent friends. Enmeshment in a friendship network where consensus about the appropriateness of delinquency is maximized (i.e., all friends are delinquent or non-delinquent) most effectively constrains the behaviors of network members to resemble the groups' behavior.     

差示扫描量热法（DSC）检验塑料绳

目的:对不同厂家的塑料绳进行区分和鉴别。方法:使用功率补偿型差示扫描量热仪(DSC)对五种不同厂家的塑料绳进行分析。结果:可测得每种塑料绳的DSC曲线和熔点温度Tm,熔融峰温Tmp,熔化焓△Hm等热学参数。结论:利用差示扫描量热法可以对型号和颜色相同而厂家不同的塑料绳进行鉴别,该方法为办案过程中塑料绳的检验提供了一种有效技术手段。     

鸡肿瘤病快速鉴别诊断试剂盒的研制及其应用

建立了快速鉴别诊断鸡肿瘤病的PCR技术 ,研制鸡肿瘤病快速鉴别诊断试剂盒。应用该试剂盒在两年多时间里 ,对来源于广西养鸡业发达地区的 13 9个鸡群共 5 0 5只病、死鸡的 15 70份肿瘤及可疑肿瘤组织病料进行了检测 ,马立克氏病、网状内皮增生症和禽白血病的阳性率分别为 74.0 6%、11.49%和 6.73 % ,肿瘤病的混合发生率为 16.83 %。结果表明 ,应用PCR技术建立的鸡肿瘤病快速鉴别诊断试剂盒具有操作简便快捷、结果准确可靠、保存方便等特点 ,不仅适用于临床肿瘤病的鉴别诊断 ,而且对开展肿瘤病的流行病学调查及兽医检疫具有重要意义     

ARP-SP基因表达谱芯片对脑损伤的初步研究

目的研究脑挫伤后ARP-SRP基因表达谱差异及其法医学意义。方法从脑组织提取mRNA,应用ARP-SRP-1.0S基因芯片,研究脑挫伤组织与对照脑组织细胞凋亡蛋白和应激反应蛋白相关基因特异性表达差异。结果基因芯片杂交结果中,发现人类溶酶体的胃蛋白酶抑制剂不敏感蛋白酶基因(CLN2)表达水平显著下降。结论CLN2基因与一种婴儿致死性神经变性疾病LINCL有关,但CLN2基因在脑损伤中的作用尚有待进一步研究;基因芯片在研究脑损伤后相关基因的改变具有快速、高通量、高敏度等特点。