The toxicological challenges in the European research project DRUID

Within the epidemiological studies of the integrated European research project DRUID (Driving Under the Influence of Drugs, alcohol and medicines), 13 laboratories from across Europe will analyse whole blood, oral fluid (OF) or urine from the general driving population and injured drivers. To ensure the comparability of toxicological results from the different studies, the collection of samples, analytical methods, target analytes and analytical cut-offs have been standardized for all laboratories involved.Target analytes were selected based on suspected impairing effects and prevalence. Twenty-three drugs are included in the ‘core list’ for which analysis is mandatory: ethanol, amphetamine, MDMA, MDA, MDEA, methamphetamine, cocaine, benzoylecgonine, THC, THC-COOH, 6-acetylmorphine, diazepam, flunitrazepam, alprazolam, clonazepam, oxazepam, nordiazepam, zolpidem, zopiclone, lorazepam, morphine, codeine and methadone. Additionally, 28 other drugs will be analysed in 1–12 countries.All whole blood samples are collected in glass Vacutainer-type tubes containing sodium fluoride and potassium oxalate. Based on a comparative study of 10 collection devices, it was decided to collect oral fluid using the Statsure™ device. Since only a small sample volume is available (5–10 mL blood and 1 mL oral fluid), all laboratories have to develop methods for simultaneous detection of the target analytes. All laboratories agreed to use either LC–MS–MS or GC–MS in SIM-mode. Proficiency testing for both blood and oral fluid are organized.Analytical cut-offs were established for the core list based on those used in ROSITA-2, SAMHSA cut-off values for oral fluid and recommendations from an expert meeting in Talloires.Because of practical and legal considerations, different sample types are used: whole blood, serum/plasma and oral fluid. Literature on correlation between analyte concentrations in these body fluids is limited, which makes several comparisons of study results difficult: (1) comparison of epidemiological (blood, oral fluid and urine) and experimental studies (serum and plasma) performed in DRUID and (2) comparisons within the epidemiological studies themselves (most countries: oral fluid in road-side survey, blood in hospital studies).A combination of literature findings, new findings from DRUID and semi-quantitative results will likely have to be used to solve these problems.     

基于数码相机黑白模式的分色照相探讨

利用数码相机进行分色照相,是数码照相机用于现场照相后所带来的新问题。能否直接在拍照中进行分色,而不是拍照后用图像处理软件进行分色,对于保持照片效果的原始性具有一定的意义。     

高职院校大学语文学科定位及教学方法的思考

大学语文"遭遇尴尬"已是高职语文教育中的一个不争的事实,其成因有很多方面。为了改变这种尴尬状况,长期以来,全国各高校都在进行探索。然而,众多的探索多是从普通高校视角进行的,不尽符合高等职业院校的实际,高等职业院校的大学语文课要想彻底摆脱尴尬境遇,必须从自己的教育层次、培养目标及教育对象的实际出发确定其学科定位。     

Digital governance in Rajasthan Secretariat： A trajectory

The concept of digital governance has renovated the basic premise of administration. Digitalization has not only made it more responsive but also enhanced its accountability to deliver the better services to people by initiating direct participation of common person in the process of governance. The dynamic nature of administration makes it change orientation thus responding to the demands in particular time frame. Though the core issue of rendering services acquires the center-stage, recently there has been intermixing of principles of public management giving effective resource management, the special leverage to flame policies. In countries which are less prone to the adaptations of advanced technologies are also taking e-initiative to activate the process of implementation. The present article explores the status of e-governance in Rajasthan, the biggest state of Indian Union. After the enactment of Information Technology Act 2000 by the union government, different states have also taken corresponding initiatives pertaining to the e-governance. This study which was carried out in Rajasthan in 2009 focuses on various dimensions of its application in state secretariat, which epitomizes the epithet of administrative activities undertaken by the Government of Rajasthan. The study results are evaluated on the basis of the data collected at different levels by instituting the questionnaire and survey. It establishes the fact that Rajasthan has responded very well in some areas of administration, but there are certain areas where it has to implement the e-initiative at par with the other states. Therefore this particular study examines the present status of the e-governance followed by the suggestive trajectory on what other efforts are needed to involve this state. The interpretations are subject to the data collected. The secretariat is the domain of governmental functioning to fulfill the expectations of common person in the state. This research works has focused on the various e-programs, and data collected thereafter have been analyzed to understand the intricacies of e-governance in the state. It is a less explored arena where the study is conducted to find out the status of various programs and the impact of e-governance on the implementation of programs.     

论数字化档案馆网络安全方法

在网络化的档案管理服务中,计算机信息和档案资源很容易遭到各方面的攻击。必须采取多方面的手段,将技术措施、管理策略和法律制度融为一体,搭建系统的安全保障体系。具体的安全控制系统由以下几方面组成：物理安全、网络安全、信息安全和安全管理。     

关于警察公共关系教育的研究

警察公共关系对于塑造良好的公安机关形象、创建和谐警民关系具有重要作用。公安院校的公关教育,是为公安机关培养和输送公关人才的重要途径。文章对警察公关教育的必要性和面临的主要问题进行了评述,探讨了警察公关教学的方法,以期对公安院校的公关教学提供一定的理论依据和实践指导。     

商业银行专利保护现状分析与策略研究

中国加入WTO以后,国内的商业银行面临着外资银行的强烈冲击及挑战,外资银行意图利用专利策略在我国银行业面前竖起一道“专利壁垒”。由于体制和观念上的原因,我国银行业一直以来并不重视金融产品的专利保护,致使金融产品数量少、质量低,且整个行业金融产品专利保护的意识淡薄。对此,国内银行业应该以积极的态度采取各种适当的方法来保护自身的知识产权。     

美国警察证人豁免权制度评介

美国证人豁免权制度由来已久。由于警察证人属于证人的一种,美国通过判例的形式在证人豁免权制度的基础上确立了警察证人豁免权制度,作为证人豁免权制度的重要组成部分。我国于2012年修正的刑事诉讼法增设了警察出庭作证制度与有限的证人作证豁免权制度,但均未涉及警察证人豁免权问题。尽管目前我国在警察作证方面的主要关注点仍然集中于如何保证这一制度的贯彻和实施,但随着理论和实践的进一步发展,警察证人的豁免权问题会逐步凸显出来。美国在警察证人豁免权制度方面的有关做法,如豁免的权限与范围,豁免的方式与程序等会给我国警察证人出庭作证制度与证人豁免权制度的完善带来一些有益的启示。     

建筑物区分所有权关系中的自己地役权研究

各国及地区日渐认可自己地役权在调整建筑物区分所有权关系中的重要作用,相对于房屋买卖契约、管理规约,自己地役权具有低成本、从属性、事前性、灵活性等独特价值。自己地役权可以由开发商在房屋销售前事先设定,也可由业主在购得房屋后设定。自己地役权应采登记生效主义,特定情形下,可基于默示行为设定。当自己地役权的内容构成对业主财产权的不合理限制、有违民法公平原则或者发生情势变更时,业主可以提出抗辩。为了实现对日渐复杂之建筑物区分所有权关系的有效调整,促进地役权法律资源效用最大化,有必要在《物权法》中增加自己地役权。     

法律解释规则及其运用研究（下）——法律解释规则运用所遇到的难题

由于我国的法律解释体制不完善,在制度设计上法官没有解释法律的权力,这就使得限制法官任意的法律解释规则难以发挥正常的功能.学者们发现几乎每一个解释规则都有指向相反的规则,如果不符条件单独地运用某一解释规则,会出现一些对法治来说的负面影响,甚至出现了个别的、不受解释规则约束的判决比按规则做出的判决更公正的现象.因而加强对法律解释规则的冲突研究,不仅是法律解释学研究必须克服的理论难题,也是司法实践所需要的.