Family strategy of economic inequality among brothers in Korean rural society, 1690–1795

This article examines how inequality among brothers was practised as a family strategy in Korean south-eastern rural society from the end of the seventeenth to the late eighteenth century as a response to local economic changes. The Wolchon area experienced a process of downward levelling in this period. Using the household registers and land registers, the authors reconstituted 58 families with brothers who held land and 406 families who possessed nobi (‘serfs’ or ‘slaves’) for further examination. As a family strategy, most of these families attempted a strategy of unequal inheritance that resulted in maintaining high economic status for only one of the children among all the brothers. This child, in most cases, would be the eldest son, but also could be another son. The degree of inequality among brothers with regard to nobi-holding declined over time. Most families successfully maintained inequality, and through this family status, by efficiently practising the unequal inheritance strategy, while some families failed to keep the same level of inequality by the end of the eighteenth century. The degree of inequality among brothers is intimately connected to family property size. Each family sought its own strategy to suit the actual economic condition of the family. While very wealthy families attempted to give a similar inheritance to all brothers to provide an equal chance to each of them, less wealthy families reduced the survival chances of some children by the concentration of property given to only one child.     

Decomposition Rate and Pattern in Hanging Pigs

Accurate prediction of the postmortem interval requires an understanding of the decomposition process and the factors acting upon it. A controlled experiment, over 60 days at an outdoor site in the northwest of England, used 20 freshly killed pigs (Sus scrofa) as human analogues to study decomposition rate and pattern. Ten pigs were hung off the ground and ten placed on the surface. Observed differences in the decomposition pattern required a new decomposition scoring scale to be produced for the hanging pigs to enable comparisons with the surface pigs. The difference in the rate of decomposition between hanging and surface pigs was statistically significant (p = 0.001). Hanging pigs reached advanced decomposition stages sooner, but lagged behind during the early stages. This delay is believed to result from lower variety and quantity of insects, due to restricted beetle access to the aerial carcass, and/or writhing maggots falling from the carcass.     

以新制度经济学的视角看政府改革

随着经济体制改革的深入,对行政体制改革提出了迫切要求。然而,行政体制改革的阻力和难度之大往往令人难以理解而感到失望。如果用新制度经济学的理论来分析,可以看出,国家也是一个组织或一种制度安排。国家有其自己的利益和目标,与社会的要求并不完全一致。国家也存在“内部人控制”的问题。在“内部人主导型”的改革中,国家会利用所掌握的权力维护自身的利益,抵制改革,成为制度变迁过程中的障碍。这是任何政府改革都存在的问题。     

相对程度副词句法语义分析

按照比较对象是否由“比”引介，可将相对程度副词分为不能用于比字句的和能用于比字句的两类。前的比较对象或范围有时出现在上下，但更常见的是被省略或隐含；后中的“稍微”一组的比较对象除了可由“比”引介，还可以其他形式出现在上下或作为隐合成分；“更”、“还”、“越发”一组在三种句式中存在句法语义的异同。“还”和“越发”的句法语义大致对立互补，而“更”的句法语义功能则大致是前二的加合。     

损伤程度鉴定中的临床资料分析

作者根据１８１例损伤程度鉴定档案，与用于鉴定的病历材料作对照比较进行回顾性研究，并依据二者表现出的各自特点及差异，从损伤程度鉴定的角度，就法医临床学与临床医学的学科间关系作了初步探讨。     

“过失严重度”及其在医疗事故处理中的应用

目的建立“过失严重度”这一描述医疗事故或纠纷综合严重程度的量化指标。方法“过失严重度”以事故级别系数乘以责任大小系数表示。结果经计算,共产生了15个级别的“过失严重度”,从最重的1到最轻的20。结论“过失严重度”可对不同等级、不同责任程度医疗事故的严重程度进行排序,按照这一排序,可使医疗事故与纠纷的处理更具操作性与合理性。     

《道路交通事故受伤人员伤残评定》中精神伤残程度司法鉴定相关问题探讨

在法医精神病学鉴定实践中,精神伤残的评定越来越多。现行《道路交通事故受伤人员伤残评定》标准中关于精神伤残评定的相关条款过于笼统,可操作性差,常因认识不一致而产生歧义。本文结合典型案例主要从三个方面对精神伤残司法鉴定中常见问题进行探讨:(1)在评定智力缺损程度时,应结合伤前智商进行评定;(2)精神伤残评定的时间应在医疗终结后一年;(3)精神伤残评定中应引入量表进行客观评价。     

臂丛神经主要分支损伤法医学鉴定66例分析

目的探讨臂丛神经主要分支损伤的法医学鉴定。方法取自本室2003年1月至2005年12月共66例84条臂丛神经主要分支损伤的案例进行统计分析。结果被鉴定人中男性青壮年占较大比例;锐器伤引起神经损伤居多达94%;神经损伤伴有骨折的占34%,其中50%尺神经损伤伴尺骨骨折;曾行肌电图检查的为34条神经,占40%,其中有15条临床未确诊为神经损伤。结论臂丛神经主要分支损伤的法医学鉴定,关键看影响肢体运动功能的后果,鉴定时机宜术后20天 L(神经断端远侧的长度)/R(生长速度) 90天。     

Differential decomposition patterns in charred versus un-charred remains

Although researchers have examined many aspects of fire modification, the rate and pattern of decomposition in charred remains have not been studied previously. This study utilized 48 domestic pigs, divided into 24 charred (head, neck, and limbs burned to Crow-Glassman level 1 and torso to level 2) and 24 un-charred pig carcasses. Decomposition of control carcasses was scored at 50 accumulated degree days (ADD) intervals, and charred carcasses were also observed and photographed at this time. A Charred Body Scale was subsequently created, and charred carcasses were scored retrospectively for the same ADD intervals. Analysis using a mixed-effect repeated measures model indicated that, while decomposition rate was not statistically different between the two groups (p = 0.2692), the charred remains initially displayed an ostensibly more advanced pattern. Body regions displaying significant charring decomposed at a faster rate (p < 0.001), while areas with very light levels of charring decomposed at a significantly slower rate (p < 0.001).     

Decaying Mouse Volatiles Perceived by Calliphora vicina Rob.‐Desv.

Volatiles emitted by decaying human remains are in the focus of recent research. The identification of core volatiles in this field is of high importance, because cadaveric volatiles generally show high variation. In this study, the volatile profiles of five mice (Myodes glareolus) were sampled with charcoal filter tubes from their time of death until advanced decay. Eleven compounds were quantitated by means of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Electroantennographic experiments with female Calliphora vicina antennae led to the identification of dimethyl trisulfide, dimethyl disulfide, nonanal, hexan‐1‐ol, 1‐octen‐3‐ol, 3‐methylbutan‐1‐ol, and heptanal as electrophysiologically active compounds. When these were compared, dimethyl trisulfide (17 ng/μL) and dimethyl disulfide (11 ng/μL) were found to be emitted in higher concentrations. The roles of these compounds and nonanal as core volatiles for cadaver detection or postmortem time determination and their correlation to the stages of decay and the accumulated degree days are discussed.