人身危险性在量刑中的思考

刑事古典学派认为惩罚犯罪就是惩罚犯罪行为,所以提出在量刑中主要考虑的是社会危害性的大小;而刑事人类学派和刑事社会学派注重对犯罪分子个体的研究,从犯罪个体中去研究惩罚的力度,在量刑的时候着重考察犯罪分子的人身危险性的大小.两者的争论由来已久,在中国的刑法理论界就是主要采取了刑事古典学派的观点,认为惩罚力度大小应该与罪行的大小相适应,造成的社会危害程度决定刑罚的轻重.那么对于犯罪分子的人身危险性在量刑时的作用究竟应该有多大呢?试从实践入手,针对我国现行法律的规定来阐述一下人身危险性在量刑中的作用,从而完善我国刑法的量刑原则.     

Using self-report inventories to assess recidivism risk among prisoners about to be released on parole supervision in Sweden

Prison release planning is rarely based on adequate assessment using evidence-based instruments. This study uses well-established self-reports for screening of problem severity and for predicting recidivism, measured as reconvictions during one-year following release, in prisoners about to be conditionally released on probation in Sweden between 2009 and 2010. One Hundred and six prisoners completed the following measures: Karolinska Scales of Personality, Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, Drug Use Disorders Identification Test. Results show frequent mental health and substance use problems and high scores on the KSP psychopathy factor. Anxiety and problematic drug use were the two most important factors associated with one-year recidivism. Prior to release, self-reports could be useful for screening of problem severity, and for predicting recidivism.     

论刑事自由裁量权的价值蕴含及法律监控

刑事自由裁量权是我国刑事司法改革的一个热点。刑事自由裁量权是法官在法律没有规定或规定有缺陷时 ,在有限范围内按照公正原则裁判刑案的权力。它的价值至少体现在实现个别公正、保证法律的灵活性以及避免突变性立法等三个方面。法官的刑事自由裁量权可以通过动态控制与静态控制并举、诉讼开放等方式来加以监控。     

《民法典》违约金制度的功能优化

《民法典》第585条主要延续了《合同法》第114条的违约金规定。目前,违约金制度的基本功能定位模糊,作为配套措施的司法调整规则适用混乱,无法厘清其与损害赔偿之间的关系,致使司法实践普遍遵循赔偿为主抑或功能均等的适用模式,难以充分发挥其担保履行和简化证明的作用。事实上,违约金兼具担保和赔偿的双重功能,在不同的历史时期和比...     

企业合规制度中认罪问题研究

在企业合规制度中,涉罪企业认罪既是启动合规考察的前提条件,亦能体现检察机关提前采取“准刑罚”措施的正当性。围绕中小微企业这一类主要适用对象,企业认罪的实践困境包含直接责任人员未参与罪名合意、认罪真实性与自愿性难以保障、检察机关接触企业认罪较晚等。究其原因,主要为“认事”与罪名合意之人发生分离、合规不起诉的优待及于直接责任人员、公诉裁量权较大且外在监督不足等。同时,从试点情况看,企业认罪的具体表现形式为第三方组织审查和建议采取何种合规计划、合规考察合格后检察机关是否不起诉等提供了参考和依据。面对诸多实践困境,应从赋予两类代表人员相关性权利、对直接责任人员慎用不起诉、逐步完善企业合规规则、强化公诉裁量权的外部“风控”因素四方面加以改进。     

当代美国假释制度的新发展

美国假释制度近30年的发展历程有三个成长代。第一代假释执行的方式主要是监视、面谈等,假释基本上等同于释放;第二代假释执行方式将假释人员置于矫正项目中,突出了矫正;第三代假释执行引入了行为管理方法。与之比较,可看出我国的假释现状与其第一代相类似,必然制约假释的推行,导致"假释难"。如果像其第二代、第三代那样,建立起一个完整的、具有科学性和有效性的矫正系统,"假释难"将迎刃而解。     

Program Evaluation in the Context of Supervision Regime Change: Motivational Interviewing in Colorado

This study assesses the effectiveness of an evidence-based counseling strategy employed by Colorado parole officers called Motivational Interviewing (MI), which aims to reduce parolee recidivism. I employ a quasi-experimental research design in which the caseloads of MI-trained officers are divided into two sub-samples: parolees supervised before the achievement of MI certification and parolees supervised after certification. Regression analyses show that MI is associated with recidivism reduction, but this relationship would not have been revealed without accounting for a high-profile crime that interrupted the study period—the murder of the Executive Director of the Colorado Department of Corrections by a high-risk parolee that had absconded from supervision. This crime caused a public relations crisis for the parole agency, which responded by lowering tolerance for misconduct. This reduction in tolerance increased recidivism rates among parolees in Colorado, obscuring the effect of MI on parole outcomes. Theoretical and policy implications are discussed.     

社区矫正工作的意义及作用

社区矫正是一种专门机关和社会力量相结合的刑罚执行方式,在国外的刑事司法实践中,已经被广泛应用。但它在中国的刑事司法实践中似乎还是一个新名词。从一般的意义上说,社区矫正是国家司法制度中的一部分。社区矫正理论认为:对犯罪人的刑事责任的考虑不应仅仅基于犯罪人本身的行为,而应考虑社会应承担的责任,而社区矫正正是凸现了社会责任方面,并打开了犯罪人回归社会的通道。     

论我国假释监督保护制度的构建

假释是刑法规定的对判处徒刑的犯罪分子附条件予以提前释放的一项重要的刑罚执行制度,对犯罪人适用假释体现了我国改造罪犯的政策和法律精神。目前我国的假释制度的监督考察无论是在立法上还是在司法上都存在着严重的不足,直接影响了假释制度建立的初衷。文章对比了我国和国外法律的假释监督制度的不同,并从机构人员设置、立法和具体措施几方面对构建我国完善的假释监督保护制度作了探讨。     

Does appealability foster more citizen-friendly decisions at the street level?

Unbiased conduct is an essential part of the social contract between the state and its citizens. Yet, when tasked with settling disputes between citizens and other state officials, are public administrators truly impartial in their resolutions? Such a question is vital for street-level bureaucrats whom the public perceives as the face of governance. This study investigates the relations between the pro-citizen tendencies in street-level bureaucrats' resolutions, their internal appealability, and the discretionary space under which they are made. Using quantitative analysis of real-world lower-court rulings in Israeli tax disputes between 1980 and 2021, the research findings indicate that unregulated expansion of street-level bureaucrats' discretionary space relates to favoring the state's arguments in their resolutions and may impair procedural fairness. The findings also imply that regulation promoting citizens' right to appeal such resolutions within their agency, can increase street-level bureaucrats' pro-citizen tendencies and potentially counteract such outcomes.