Understanding the Structure of a Large Heroin Distribution Network: A Quantitative Analysis of Qualitative Data

An analysis is reported of 2,408 wiretap conversations gathered in the course of prosecuting a heroin dealing organization in New York City in the 1990s. The five-step analysis, which included a social network analysis of phone contacts, revealed a large, loosely structured group of 294 individuals, most of whom had very limited contacts with others in the group. The group’s active core comprised 38 individuals with extended contacts, little status differentiation and some task specialization. A smaller more tightly connected group of 22 individuals was somewhat independent of the remainder of the core and appeared to constitute a “communal business”. The existence was not confirmed of the large criminal conspiracy described by the prosecution that operated at all levels of trafficking and dealing, from wholesale distribution to street sales. Rather, it appeared that the 294 individuals comprised one segment of the heroin market in the city. However, the discrepancy could be due to the fact that the prosecution drew upon a wider set of information about the individuals concerned than provided by the wiretap data. The study supports recent analyses that see organized crimes, such as drug trafficking, as mostly the work of small groups of loosely linked entrepreneurs rather than large, highly structured criminal syndicates.

论必要性原则适用的困境及其出路

必要性原则是一项重要的行政法原则,它以“最小侵害”作为联结点,确立起一套相对清晰的审查标准,并把最终确定排他性手段的权力赋予司法。也正因为如此,必要性原则的适用引发了许多理论和实务操作中的困境。许多法治发达国家在为这些困境深感忧虑的同时,逐渐发展出一系列解决困境的法解释技术。正视这些困境并积极探索可行的解决方法,对我国行政法学界而言具有一定的紧迫性。     

γ-羟基丁酸在急性中毒大鼠体液和组织中的检测及分布

目的建立生物检材中γ-羟基丁酸(GHB)的检测方法,研究GHB急性中毒大鼠体内GHB的分布,为GHB中毒的鉴定提供方法和评价依据。方法用GC/MS法检测生物检材中的GHB;以1000mg/kg剂量给大鼠灌胃使其染毒,分别于1h和3h处死,测定体液和组织中GHB的含量。结果测组织中内源性GHB的线性范围是1～20μg/g,R2=0.9974;测组织中外源性GHB的线性范围为100～1500μg/g,R2=0.9958。相对回收率为98%～103%。体内内源性GHB的含量均≤10μg/mL或10μg/g。尿液中GHB含量为最高,其他依次为:胃、血液、肠、肾、肺、脾、心、肝和脑。结论所建方法准确、便捷,适用于GHB中毒的鉴定;尿液是体内检测GHB的最佳检材。     

Sophisticated Behavior under Majoritarian and Non-Majoritarian Voting Procedures

This study addresses the issue of sincere and sophisticated voting under majoritarian and non-majoritarian voting procedures. By conducting experimental voting games, we compared a common majoritarian procedure, Plurality Voting (PV) with a non-majoritarian procedure, Sequential Voting by Veto (SVV). We focused on two different aspects of the subject: the likelihood of sophisticated voting under each one of the voting procedures and the conditions that foster sincere and sophisticated voting under these procedures. The results highlighted the significant differences between majoritarian and non-majoritarian voting procedures as a key factor in determining the tendency of voters to use sincere or sophisticated voting. Clearly, the sincere model was dominant in SVV games while sophisticated voting dominated the PV games. The extent of sophisticated voting ran counter to the group size, a tendency that was stronger under SVV than under PV. By demonstrating the advantages of the minority principle, when voters are small in number, we hope to encourage the development of a solution that will enable the use of SVV in general elections.     

不当得利法上获利返还责任之探讨--兼评最高人民法院相关司法解释

获利返还责任是不当得利法上最具争论的问题之一.传统民法对此有两种完全不同的学说,即获利应返还说与获利不返还说.最高人民法院的有关司法解释主张对受益人获取的利润应予收缴,其主张违背了民法的本质和基本理念以及经济规律的要求,<民法通则>的有关规定也过于原则性,而不具有可操作性.     

“三个代表”重要思想是我党执政的自觉理性标志

"三个代表"重要思想的创立,是我党执政的自觉理性发展成果,突出表现了我党在思维方式上,实现从"革命思维"向"执政思维"的转变;在执政方式和领导方式上,实现从"一元化"向"职能化"的转变;在领导方法上,实现从"人治"向"法治"的转变.因此,坚持"三个代表"重要思想,实践"三个代表"重要思想,是党在执政方式、领导方式和领导方法上顺应时代发展的正确选择,也是提高党的执政能力、领导水平的正确选择.     

"一事不再罚"原则在税务行政处罚中的运用

"一事不再罚"原则是行政处罚的一项重要原则。在我国《行政处罚法》中,"一事不再罚"原则有其特殊的内涵;借鉴 刑法罪数形态理论,可将"同一个税务违法行为"(即"一事")分为五类;不同种类的税务违法行为应适用不同的税务行政处罚;"一 事不再罚"原则适用也有例外。     

‘Very Brave or Very Foolish’? ‘Gallant Little’ Botswana’s Defiance of ‘Apartheid’s Golden Age’, 1966–1980

The period from 1966 to 1979 is claimed to have been ‘apartheid’s golden age’ when the anti-apartheid forces were alleged to have largely acquiesced in the well-resourced South African government. However, this paper observes that Botswana, a country of about one million people and almost entirely surrounded by extremely hostile white minority regimes, demonstrated a spirit of defiance to apartheid’s golden age. Botswana defied military intimidation and reprisals from South Africa (an African giant) and its ally Rhodesia by continuing to host large numbers of refugees despite Botswana’s severe budgetary constraints. Botswana did this even though it was landlocked and overwhelmingly dependent on South Africa for economic survival. Botswana felt that it was a moral obligation to make sacrifices for the benefit of the oppressed black people of South Africa. This article attempts to demonstrate that despite being defenceless and dependent on South Africa for economic survival, Botswana did not yield in its principled stand against apartheid, a stand which won international acclaim during the period from 1966 to 1980 – apartheid’s golden age. It concludes that in its own small way Botswana demonstrated that apartheid was not entirely invincible.     

对一起私营医院缓报传染病疫情案件的法律适用问题的分析

本文通过对一起私营医院缓报传染病疫情案件的案例分析，重点剖析该案在法律适用上的争议问题，即本案应适用上位法还是下位法。在探讨此问题时，本文分别从以下两个角度予以剖析，一是将对上位法进行法律解释的角度作为切人点，探讨在法律选择上本案是否会涉及到上位法优于下位法这一基本的法律冲突解决原则；二是从对下位法立法原则剖析角度分析下位法本身的科学性。     

云计算对知识产权保护的若干影响

云计算作为变革性的信息技术,已对知识产权保护和若干知识产权制度产生了重要影响.与本地计算模式相比,云计算一方面可以更有效地防止著作权侵权,另一方面需要依赖于合同、技术措施、商业方法专利等手段提供综合性的补充保护.云计算会对合理使用原则、发行权穷竭原则构成挑战.云计算环境下,用户的商业秘密保护可能因为数据迁移困难而受到妨碍.由于云计算尚处于发展初期,还不能认为知识产权制度需要进行重大修改.