未成年人犯罪刑罚适用区域性考察及其罚则改革研究(下)

对云南省若干地区的实证考察表明,在未成年犯罪人的刑罚适用中存在诸多问题,例如,有期徒刑适用过多,管制、拘役刑基本空置;缓刑适用比例过低且存在很大的地区差异,司法分流的合法性有待确认等等。造成上述问题的原因很多,既有立法方面的,如立法不明确或缺乏弹性;也有司法或执法方面的,如考察机关负担过重,无力进行有效考察;还有地方因素的干扰,如过分强调刑罚的威慑作用等。为此,要解决上述问题,必须从立法、司法与执法三方面着手。在立法上须根据《联合国儿童权利公约》规定的确保未成年人最大利益的原则行事,增加处罚中的弹性规范;增设已在国内外被证明行之有效的某些刑罚制度,例如,缓诉制度、缓缴罚金制度、刑事前科报告免除制度、前科消灭制度等;在司法与执法中应完善相关机制,以扩大缓刑等制度的适用范围,并采取有效措施,加强部门合作,消除地区差异。     

SUMMIT ON UNIFIED FAMILY COURTS: SERVING CHILDREN AND FAMILIES EFFICIENTLY,EFFECTIVELY, AND RESPONSIBLY

As president of the American Bar Association when the “Summit on Unified Family Courts” convened in May 2007, Karen J. Mathis welcomed summit attendees. Recounting the many reasons children wind up in court, Mathis observed that society is lucky if these problems even come before the courts. Too often, she said, the underlying problems of destructive behavior among youth are lost in the shuffle of too many lawyers, case workers, and judges. “Many times they’re ignored by the professionals among us who are not trained to be aware that the problems even exist,” she said. The solution to this fragmented approach is unified family courts, she concluded.     

传统技术创新的困境及其出路

传统技术创新是工业经济时代的产物 ,它以功利主义价值观为指导 ,以服务于市场竞争和利润极大化为目的 ,因而不可避免地造成了生态缺陷。时代的发展对传统技术创新提出了严重的挑战 ,本文试着从传统技术创新观的理论反思、新学科新理论的诞生来论述技术创新生态化转向的历史必然性。     

民商事案件繁简分流机制改革研究

在人民日益增长的美好生活需要与不平衡不充分的发展之间的矛盾成为新时期主要矛盾的社会背景下,人民群众对司法工作也提出了更高的要求,十九大会议精神要求在司法领域也应当不断加强改革创新以满足人民群众日益增长的司法需求。随着《最高人民法院关于进一步推进繁简分流优化司法资源配置的若干意见》(以下简称《意见》)的出台,繁简分流改革机制在全国范围内逐步建立,在《意见》原则性规定和总体框架指导下,各地区法院展开了对《意见》实施的具体探索。在落实案件繁简分流机制过程中,应以程序正当化为前提,坚持公平与效率平衡原则,充分尊重当事人选择权并建立多元化矛盾解决机制,从诉讼流程各环节深挖改革空间,细化和创新具体举措,追求审判资源的优化配置和司法效益最大化,准确实现繁简分流的制度内涵和价值。     

Addressing diversion effects

Alan Wertheimer argues that those who promulgate principles of research ethics have a responsibility to take into account the diversion effects of those principles. In this commentary, I argue that Wertheimer''s proposal that diversion effects should be considered when promulgating principles of research ethics makes sense, but it often may be best to deal with these effects once a principle has been accepted and implemented, rather than focusing on them at the outset.     

传统技术创新的困境及其出路

技术创新是工业经济时代的产物,它以功利主义价值观为指导,以服务于市场竞争和利润极大化为目的,因而不可避免地造成了生态缺陷.时代的发展对传统技术创新提出了挑战,文章尝试从传统技术创新观的理论反思、新学科新理论的诞生来论述技术创新生态化转向的历史必然性.     

未成年人犯罪刑罚适用区域性考察及其罚则改革研究(上)

对云南省若干地区的实证考察表明,在未成年犯罪人的刑罚适用中存在诸多问题,例如,有期徒刑适用过多,管制、拘役刑基本空置;缓刑适用比例过低且存在很大的地区差异,司法分流的合法性有待确认等等。造成上述问题的原因很多,既有立法方面的,如立法不明确或缺乏弹性;也有司法或执法方面的,如考察机关负担过重,无力进行有效考察;还有地方因素的干扰,如过分强调刑罚的威慑作用等。为此,要解决上述问题,必须从立法、司法与执法三方面着手。在立法上须根据《联合国儿童权利公约》规定的确保未成年人最大利益的原则行事,增加处罚中的弹性规范;增设已在国内外被证明行之有效的某些刑罚制度,例如,缓诉制度、缓缴罚金制度、刑事前科报告免除制度、前科消灭制度等;在司法与执法中,应完善相关机制以扩大缓刑等制度的适用范围,并采取有效措施,加强部门合作,消除地区差异。     

THE TRUANCY COURT DIVERSION PROGRAM OF THE FAMILY COURT,WARREN CIRCUIT COURT DIVISION III,BOWLING GREEN,KENTUCKY: AN EVALUATION OF IMPACT ON ATTENDANCE AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE

Educators, parents, and community services partnered with the family court judge to implement the Truancy Court Diversion Program (TCDP). TCDP significantly impacted unexcused absences, unexcused tardies, and academic performance of the elementary and junior high students participating in the program. Elementary participants were more likely to maintain their improved attendance following participation than were junior high participants. Nonetheless, junior high participant grade point averages increased during TCDP and were maintained subsequent to TCDP. TCDP was an effective intervention for improving attendance and academic performance and helping preclude future delinquency.