土壤细菌群体多样性的T-RFLP分析应用探讨

目的探讨土壤细菌群体多样性的末端限制性片段长度多态性（terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism，T-RFLP）分析在法庭科学应用的相关问题。方法依据不同土壤中的细菌群体存在多样性和差异，联合利用细菌16SrDNA序列、末端限制性片段长度多态性（terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism，T-RFLP）方法对5个来源不同的土壤样品和4个同一来源土壤样品的细菌群体多样性进行比较分析，计算土壤样品间的相似系数。结果不同来源的5个土壤样品间相似系数，最大者为0．44，最小为0．3；同一来源的4个土壤样品相似系数，最大为0．87，最小为0．76。结论不同来源土壤的细菌群体多样性存在差异。     

Forensic value of 14 novel STRs on the human Y chromosome

We identified and characterized 14 novel short-tandem-repeats (STRs) on the Y chromosome and typed them in two samples, a globally diverse panel of 73 cell lines, and 148 individuals from a European–American population. These Y-STRs include eight tetranucleotide repeats (DYS449, DYS453, DYS454, DYS455, DYS456, DYS458, DYS459, and DYS464), five pentanucleotide repeats (DYS446, DYS447, DYS450, DYS452, and DYS463), and one hexanucleotide repeat (DYS448). Sequence data were obtained to designate a repeat number nomenclature. The gene diversities of an additional 22 Y-STRs, including the most commonly used in forensic databases, were directly compared in the cell line DNAs. Six of the 10 most polymorphic markers include the newly identified Y-STRs. Furthermore, these novel Y-STRs greatly improved the resolution of paternal lineages, above the level obtained with commonly used Y-STRs, in the European–American population.     

也谈党校函授面授教学方法

“教”与“学”是党校函授教育的一对基本矛盾,而教学方法是联接“教”与“学”的中介和桥梁。教给学员学习方法,使学员由被动的吸收知识转化为主动的吸收知识。启发式教学的特点在于强调学员是学习的主体、学员智力的充分发展及内在学习动力和责任感。     

Dynamics of social class contempt in contemporary British television comedy

British television comedy has often ridiculed the complexities and characteristics of social class structures and identities. In recent years, poor white socially marginalised groups, now popularly referred to as “chavs”, have become a prevalent comedy target. One of the most popular and controversial television “comedy chavs” is Little Britain's fictional teenage single mother, Vicky Pollard. This article examines the representation of Vicky Pollard in light of contemporary widespread abuse of the white working class. Highlighting the polysemic and ambivalent nature of Vicky Pollard's representation, the article argues that whilst Little Britain's characterisation of Vicky Pollard largely contributes to contemporary widespread demonisation of the working class, there are moments within Little Britain when a more sympathetic tone towards the poor working class may be read, and where chav identities are used to ridicule the pretensions, superficiality, and falsity of middle-class identities. The article concludes that television comedy has been, and continues to be, a significant vehicle through which serious concerns, anxieties, and questions about social class and class identities are discursively constructed and contested.     

Youth organisations as learning organisations: exploring special contributions and challenges

Youth and youth organisations are becoming valuable development partners, but little knowledge about their characteristics as learning organisations exists. This article presents perceptions of youth workers on this topic. These were gathered via an online survey and through research done by a youth network. Knowledge, skills and attitudes for active citizenship are facilitated by youth organisations as emergent learning spaces where peer-to-peer learning and experiential methods are central. Youth organisations adapt existing toolboxes and develop their own tools and knowledge that are more relevant to their needs. Support for youth organisations should take into account these special ways of learning.

Organisations de jeunes en tant qu'organisations qui apprennent : étude des contributions spéciales et des défis

Les jeunes et les organisations de jeunes sont en passe de devenir des partenaires de développement très utiles, mais il n'existe guère de connaissances sur leurs caractéristiques en tant qu'organisations qui apprennent. Cet article présente les manières dont les personnes qui travaillent avec les jeunes perçoivent ce sujet. Ces perceptions ont été recueillies au moyen d'un questionnaire en ligne et de recherches menées par un réseau de jeunes. Les connaissances, compétences et attitudes pour la citoyenneté active sont facilitées par des organisations de jeunes en tant que nouveaux espaces propices à l'apprentissage, dont les piliers sont l'apprentissage entre pairs et les méthodes expérientielles. Les organisations de jeunes adaptent les boîtes à outils existantes et mettent au point leurs propres outils et connaissances qui pourvoient mieux à leurs besoins. Le soutien apporté aux organisations de jeunes devrait tenir compte de ces façons spéciales d'apprendre.

Organizações de jovens enquanto organizações de aprendizado: Explorando contribuições especiais e desafios

Os jovens e as organizações de jovens estão se tornando valiosos parceiros de desenvolvimento, mas existe pouco conhecimento sobre suas características enquanto organizações de aprendizado. Este artigo apresenta percepções de jovens trabalhadores sobre este tópico. Elas foram reunidas através de um levantamento online e através de pesquisa realizada por uma rede de jovens. Conhecimento, habilidades e atitudes para uma cidadania ativa são promovidos por organizações de jovens como espaços de aprendizado emergentes, onde o aprendizado entre pares e métodos experimentais são centrais. As organizações de jovens adaptam caixas de ferramentas existentes e desenvolvem suas próprias ferramentas e conhecimento que sejam mais relevantes para suas necessidades. O suporte a organizações de jovens deve levar em conta estas formas especiais de aprendizado.

Organizaciones juveniles como organizaciones de aprendizaje: un examen de sus aportes y retos

La juventud y las organizaciones de jóvenes se han convertido en sectores importantes del desarrollo pero se conocen poco sus cualidades como organizaciones de aprendizaje. Este ensayo analiza qué opinan los trabajadores jóvenes sobre este tema basándose en encuestas en línea e investigaciones realizadas por una red de jóvenes. Las organizaciones juveniles cuentan con los conocimientos, herramientas y actitudes para que pueda ejercerse una ciudadanía activa, siendo a la vez espacios emergentes de aprendizaje que se centran en el aprendizaje entre pares y donde los métodos vivenciales son fundamentales. Las organizaciones juveniles adaptan las metodologías que ya existen y generan metodologías y conocimientos propios, más adaptados a sus necesidades. Las instancias que apoyen a las organizaciones juveniles deberán tomar en cuenta estas formas especiales de aprendizaje.     

Gender,energy, and empowerment: a case study of the Rural Energy Development Program in Nepal

Rural women in general, and mountain women in particular, are greatly involved in managing household energy systems in Nepal. Alternative energy technologies have a high potential to reduce women's workloads and improve their health status, as well as increasing efficient energy supply. Interventions in rural energy are primarily aimed at reducing firewood use and increasing economic growth through rural electrification, rather than aiming to reduce human drudgery, especially that of women. Hence, such intervention takes place without considering the needs, roles, interests, and potential of rural women, even though women are the primary users and managers of rural energy resources. This article aims to analyse the gender implications of rural energy technologies in Kavre district, where the Rural Energy Development Program (REDP) has been implemented, especially in terms of saving women's labour and increasing socio-economic opportunities for women.     

Agricultural cooperatives and social empowerment of women: a Ugandan case study

This article presents a case study of Manyakabi Area Cooperative Enterprise in south-western Uganda, which shows that benefits from agricultural cooperatives can extend beyond monetary tangibles. We discuss several social factors that women members claimed have improved since they became members of the cooperative, including their confidence, their negotiating skills, the ability to be of service to their communities through transferring skills to non-members, and the ability to take control of certain household decisions when dealing with men. We conclude that these social benefits could be enhanced if they were fully acknowledged as important by agents of change.     

Citizenship in the Netherlands: locally produced,nationally contested

The Netherlands is often considered an extreme example of individualism and multiculturalism, two factors that many politicians and social scientists consider to be the main causes for the alleged decline in citizenship. In this paper, we examine Dutch citizens' conceptions of citizenship to test these negative expectations. We found the fear that a modern, individualistic, and diverse citizenry only care for their own rights to be misplaced; citizens were willing to exert effort to uphold the society they live in. Their efforts, however, were conditional upon returns in terms of a responsive government and in improvements to their individual lives. Communitarian, local, and rather submissive notions of citizenship were deeply shared – with a liberal twist among many migrants. We also found that ‘nationalist’ republican notions of citizenship awaken latent uncertainties and divisions among citizens rather than creating ‘new’ unity. This imagination of citizenship leaves Dutch society wanting for the deliberative, political elements of citizenship.     

孕产妇健康目标及全球进程差异分析

自从2000年《联合国千年宣言》把孕产妇健康作为八项千年发展目标之一以来,增进孕产妇健康和减少孕产妇死亡率成为全社会共同的重点内容。本文通过对全球孕产妇健康状况、自1990年以来的变化趋势及区域之间变化差异的分析,指出减少孕产妇死亡比率和实现普遍享有生殖保健服务的全球发展目标依然艰巨,需要发达国家和发展中国家共同为之努力。     

空时分组码和Turbo码联合编码研究

空时分组码（sTBc）能提供满分集增益和较低的实现复杂度,但是却无法获得编码增益,为了进一步提升性能,考虑将空时分组码与Turbo进行联合编码。文章介绍了空时分组码和Turbo码的特点,并给出了联合编码的结构。Matlab仿真显示,联合编码结构具备更优异的性能。