A Comparison of the Effectiveness of Swabbing and Flossing as a Means of Recovering Spermatozoa from the Oral Cavity

This study examined whether flossing the teeth is a more effective collection method in recovering spermatozoa than conventional swabbing techniques. It was hypothesized that inclusion of flossing as a collection method would extend the recovery of spermatozoa to longer postcoital intervals (PCIs). Eighteen individuals provided 174 oral cavity samples. Successful recovery of spermatozoa was assessed with respect to the collection method and reported activity in the oral cavity during the PCI. Samples were subjected to a differential extraction procedure prior to microscopic evaluation of the extracted pellet. The results indicate that swabbing is more effective than flossing when the PCI falls within 1.5–12 h. However, spermatozoa were recovered from seven floss samples where the corresponding swabs gave negative results. When combining the results from the two collection methods, the percentage of subjects from whom spermatozoa are recovered increases for each PCI beyond the 0‐h interval.     

行政壁垒、市场分割对区域协调发展的影响分析——以西北五省(区)为例

文章首先对行政壁垒、市场分割对区域协调发展的影响进行理论分析,然后重点实证分析了2002—2011年西北5省区之间行政壁垒、市场分割对西北地区协调发展的影响状况。结果表明:虽然西北5省区经济趋同明显,但行政壁垒显著阻碍了各省区经济合作,长期看不利于西北5省区经济的协调发展。据此,提出西北地区应采取三步走的策略,逐步推进市场一体化进程,促进区域协调发展的实现。     

Male Perpetrators of Domestic Violence: How Should We Hold Them to Account?

Domestic violence is now widely acknowledged as being a significant social, health and legal issue. At both a national and transnational level governments have sought to develop strategies built upon prevention, support for victims and holding perpetrators to account through criminal justice sanctions. However, the current paradigm that informs the policy response to most perpetrators of domestic violence has failed to deliver the outcomes required, in terms of a reduction in levels of recidivism or the improved safety of women and children. It is argued that holding men to account through external controls has failed and that interventions should support men to take responsibility for their own behaviour.     

A feminist challenge to the gendered politics of the public/private divide: on due diligence,domestic violence,and citizenship

This article examines the feminist appropriation of the legal principle of due diligence to politicize acts of violence at the hands of private actors within the private sphere. This move expanded traditional notions of state responsibility for violence against women under international human rights law. Using frame analysis, we focus on the institutionalization of this feminist understanding of due diligence through its discursive incorporation in international human rights policy documents and its mobilization in cases of domestic violence litigated within the UN and the Inter-American and European human rights systems. Through this discursive framing work and its institutionalization, feminists have challenged the gendered politics of the public/private divide to change the terms on which differently positioned women can engage with the state and global governance institutions. We argue that this change can potentially reconfigure women's state-bounded and transnational citizenship. The implications of due diligence as a political and sociological concept require more careful consideration by citizenship and human rights scholars.     

警察干预家庭暴力模式的构建——国外、境外的经验与我们的选择

警察是干预家庭暴力的重要职能主体之一,但目前我国还缺乏明确的警察干预家庭暴力的模式和规范。目前国外、境外警察干预家庭暴力的主要模式有三种,即积极介入、限制介入和法定介入。确定我国警察干预家庭暴力的模式面临着法定职责与法定措施不对应、警察权介入家庭暴力的限度定位不明确、缺乏充足的社会支持以及警察自身对干预家庭暴力的态度不够积极等四个方面的困境。综合我国有关家庭暴力的立法和社会文化背景等因素,我国警察干预家庭暴力应采取法定介入和社区警务相结合的模式,并应制定详细的规范操作流程。     

Signed but Not Ratified: Limits to U.S. Participation in International Environmental Agreements

Why does the United States sign environmental treaties but not ratify them? U.S. presidents have negotiated and signed several environmental treaties that ultimately could not obtain Senate ratification. This article considers two alternative explanations. First, presidents may face divided government and upcoming elections; elections can increase uncertainty regarding ratification, because they upset majorities and change congressional preferences on issues. Such factors may have caused “involuntary” defection from international environmental cooperation. Second, compensation and compromise on enabling legislation could satisfy enough senators and their constituents to allow the legislation's passage. Failure to secure ratification may be a result of the president's overestimating the potential for negotiating a policy package capable of creating sufficient support to obtain Senate ratification. I compare domestic constraints on U.S. participation in three international environmental negotiations—climate change, biodiversity, and chemicals—to assess the alternative explanations. The cases exemplify how domestic institutions affect international environmental cooperation.     

家庭暴力的危害、形成原因和防治办法

家庭是社会最小的细胞,家庭暴力直接影响到社会的安定团结.本文在分析产生家庭暴力原因的基础上,阐述了家庭暴力对家庭乃至社会产生的负面影响,提出了防治家庭暴力一方面要不断提高人们的自身素质,另一方面必须依靠法治.