高速公路交通运输中疲劳驾驶的危害、成因及对策

高速公路交通事故的发生，主要是由交通运输人员不遵守交通运输法规造成的，其中，由于疲劳驾驶引发交通事故的情况十分严重。为减少事故及损失，必须正确认识造成疲劳驾驶的原因，进而制定合理的预防措施。     

基于人因的道路交通安全评价研究

驾驶人是影响道路交通安全的主要因素，驾驶过程中随着外界交通环境和自身心理和生理的变化，可以从人的因素来评价道路交通的安全性和舒适性。通过驾驶人驾驶车辆的主客观评价，可以得出道路交通环境对人的心理上和生理上的影响程度。应用实验进行宜人性主观评价，驾驶人驾驶负荷评价和道路交通安全模拟驾驶评价。     

THE NARROWING GENDER GAP IN ARRESTS: ASSESSING COMPETING EXPLANATIONS USING SELF‐REPORT,TRAFFIC FATALITY,AND OFFICIAL DATA ON DRUNK DRIVING, 1980–2004*

We evaluate two alternative explanations for the converging gender gap in arrest—changes in women's behavior versus changes in mechanisms of social control. Using the offense of drunk driving and three methodologically diverse data sets, we explore trends in the DUI gender gap. We probe for change across various age groups and across measures tapping DUI prevalence and chronicity. Augmented Dickey‐Fuller time‐series techniques are used to assess changes in the gender gap and levels of drunk driving from 1980 to 2004. Analyses show women of all ages making arrest gains on men—a converging gender gap. In contrast, self‐report and traffic data indicate little or no systematic change in the DUI gender gap. Findings support the conclusion that mechanisms of social control have shifted to target female offending patterns disproportionately. Little support exists for the contention that increased strain and liberalized gender roles have altered the gender gap or female drunk‐driving patterns.     

新时期企业青年道德重塑的驱动力思考

社会主义道德体系建设涵盖企业青年道德建设,在新时期,重塑企业青年道德对于企业永葆活力有着重要的作用。文章从企业青年道德信仰的内涵出发,分析当前市场经济条件下企业青年的道德倾向,主张从建立和社会主义市场经济体制相适应的道德规范,营造良好的企业道德环境,在企业内部建立良好的道德评价制度等三个方面对新时期企业青年道德进行塑造。     

Oil and Turmoil in the Middle East

正Geopolitical upheaval has less influence on oil prices than many assumeWhereas most primary commodities have dropped drastically in price,crude oil remains as much as$100 per barrel.It is in effect a result of manipulative actions and is unlikely to be sustained over the long term.The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries(OPEC)has been driving the high     

Challenges Faced by Transitional China and Countermeasures

正The socio-economic transition of China features the transformation from planned economy to market economy,from an agrarian society to an urban society,from an industrial society to an information society,and from a poverty-stricken society to an affluent society.Reform is theprerequisite and driving force of transition.Both transition and reform will confront with various resistances,obstacles,problems and hardships.     

Avoiding blame when violating traffic rules: the development and validation of the justifications of traffic violations scale

Traffic norms violations are the most common form of law breaking. Our aim was to investigate a factor that might contribute to the massive disobedience to traffic laws, namely drivers’ use of self-legitimization strategies that allow them to transgress them without paying the psychological costs that would follow, such as regret or shame. Using the framework of the self-exoneration mechanisms described by the Social Cognitive Theory, we developed a measure assessing drivers’ strategies of justification of their traffic violations. Across two studies, we tested the psychometric proprieties of the Justifications of Traffic Violations scale (JTVs), its factorial structure, and its construct, external and incremental validity. Results showed that drivers self-exonerate when transgressing traffic laws predominantly through four strategies (Minimizing risks, Displacement of responsibility, Personal needs and Outcome – based justification) that are addressed by the JTVs and that construe one’s refraining from committing deviant driving behaviours as unnecessary, impossible or undesirable. The JTVs and each of its four specific cognitive mechanisms were found to be positively related to the most maladaptive driving styles, as well as to self-reported traffic offences and accidents, suggesting that these self-exonerating strategies favour the instilment and maintenance of habitual deviant behaviours on the road.     

Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT): A reliable indicator of the risk of driving under the influence of alcohol when determined by capillary electrophoresis

Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) is a marker of chronic alcohol abuse, which has recently been introduced to evaluate the physical fitness for obtaining a driving license. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of elevated CDT levels in subjects stopped while driving under the influence of alcohol by using a validated method based on capillary electrophoresis. The study was carried out on a group of 40 drunken drivers (group A) and on a control group (n = 51) of subjects chosen from the general population (group B). CDT was directly determined by capillary electrophoresis in free solution and UV detection at 200 nm. CDT results from both groups were classified as “negative” or “positive” on the basis of the cut-off set at 2.00% (CDT index). The subjects classified as “positive” in group A were 24 (60%), whereas in group B were 2. The subjects classified as “negative” in group A were 16 (40%), whereas in group B was 49 (96.1%). The comparison of the observed percentages, evaluated with the χ²-test, was highly significant (p < 0.001). The present study confirms the high prevalence of chronic alcohol abusers among drunken drivers and the usefulness of CDT as a predictor of the risk of drunk driving.     

Assessing legal change: Recidivism and administrative per se laws

Tougher sanctions for drunk driving have often been advocated as a means to reduce this problematic behavior. In a test of administrative per se laws as a specific deterrent, the impact of introducing such laws is evaluated by examining reconviction rates of offenders before and after implementation of the Jaw in three states (North Dakota, Louisiana, and Mississippi), with comparisons made to a fourth state during the same time period that did not implement an administrative per se law (California). Recidivism is analyzed using survival models. The results indicate that administrative per se laws reduce rates of reconviction in some situations but not in others. In particular, if implementation of the law is accompanied by changes in overall rates of license actions, the specific deterrent effects of the law may be outweighed by the increased efficiencies of this judicial process.     

危险驾驶罪法律适用刍议

《刑法修正案（八）》把醉酒驾驶和情节恶劣的追逐竞驶行为定性为危险驾驶罪,给予刑法规制。该法案实施以来起到了良好的社会效果。文章分析了该罪的行为类型,并对该罪与相关罪名进行了辨析。