Drugs in motorists traveling Swedish roads: on-the-road-detection of intoxicated drivers and screening for drugs in these offenders

This paper deals with the police officer's or police doctor's ability to find drivers under the influence of drugs. We have also studied whether the protocol on the driver's previous histories of drug intake is useful for directing the chemist in his analytical approach to revealing intoxicants in the suspects' body fluids. A comprehensive procedure for screening traffic-hazardous drugs in the urine was found necessary and is described. By using this method, we have studied the incidence of drunken drivers with detectable medicinal or illicit agents. The results demonstrate that 91% of those drivers found by the officer or doctor of the police to be on intoxicants other than ethanol, carried some kind of traffic-hazardous drug in their body fluids, and that the doctor was a better judge than the police in identifying these offenders. By using a series of chemical methods for drug screening, we found that every third driver suspected of drunken driving due to ethanol, but not to other intoxicants, held some kind of a traffic-hazardous drug substance in his urine; benzodiazepines and cannabinoids were the most common findings. The data imply that 34% of these suspects revealed their intakes of traffic-dangerous intoxicants. We conclude that the judgements of both the officer and doctor of the police are needed for an efficacious detection of drivers under the influence of drugs. Moreover, the results infer that the chemist has to screen for intoxicants to reveal these in a suspect driver. We also conclude that drugs, particularly the benzodiazepines or cannabinoids, may be commonly encountered in drunken drivers, suspected of being inebriated by ethanol but no other toxicants.     

危险驾驶案件办理初探

为了解决因为酒后驾车、超速驾驶等不文明驾车行为引发交通事故的问题,《刑法修正案(八)》将危险驾驶行为纳入刑法调整范围,即危险驾驶行为构成刑事犯罪。"酒驾入刑"自实施以来,此类犯罪的案件数量激增,并引发了定案证据单一、强制措施适用不当等问题。本文将从案件办理现状入手,通过分析办案难点及其成因,提出加强宣传教育、提高办案能力、全面收集案件证据、搭建案件信息网络平台、完善法律规范等对策,以期达到完善危险驾驶案件办理工作现状的目的。     

邓小平与社会主义动力学说的理论创新

社会主义社会的发展动力是重大的实践问题,也是邓小平理论的重要组成部分,邓小平理论继承了包含社会基本矛盾,阶级斗争和人民群众三大范畴的马克思主义动力学说,并在此基础上对这一学说有所发展和超越。正是“改革是中国的第二次革命”、“科学技术是第一生产力”、“先富带动共富”、“两手抓,两手都要硬”等我们耳熟能详的科学命题构成了邓小平社会主义动力学说体系的主体框架,并反映了整个邓小平理论体系所反映的时代精神和创新实质。     

生命的守护还是疏离——评醉驾入刑的情节

鉴于醉酒驾驶机动车发生交通意外、危害公共安全的现象日益严重,《刑法修正案（八）》适时增设了危险驾驶罪,将醉酒驾驶行为纳入刑法调整范围。但是,单从《刑法修正案（八）》第22条条文本身以及立法原意来看,醉驾入刑似乎并不需要考虑情节问题。最高人民法院、最高人民检察院和公安部在对待此问题上的看法也不相一致。为此,有必要从理论上对该问题进行梳理、论证,以树立“情节”在醉驾入刑中的核心地位。     

危险驾驶罪立法解读

《中华人民共和国刑法修正案（八）》中增设了危险驾驶罪,这主要是为了应对风险社会的挑战而在刑法上做出的调整,以加强对公共交通安全的保护。本罪在行为上包括竞驰型和醉酒型两种危险驾驶行为,主观上为故意,在性质上属于危险犯。对本罪的认定要注意与交通肇事罪和以危险方法危害公共安全罪的区别。此外,本罪的立法仍然存在不完善之处,如行为方式范围较窄,入罪门槛过低,资格刑缺失等,有必要在今后的立法中进一步完善。     

中国创新型经济驱动力分析及运作模式构建

创新型经济是中国现阶段经济转型的主要方向,创新是这一经济模式的主要驱动力。该文在追溯创新型经济理论起源的基础上给出创新型经济的概念及特征,并分析了创新型经济的驱动力,构建了创新型经济发展的运作模式。     

浅议飙车行为的入罪条件——以刑法修正案（八）为视角

刑法修正案（八）新设立了危险驾驶罪,对在道路上驾驶机动车追逐竞驶且情节恶劣的行为,也即情节恶劣的飙车行为依法追究刑事责任。判断对具体＂飙车＂行为应否追究刑事责任,取决于其是否同时具备危险驾驶罪的四个犯罪构成要件。     

The modern trends in alcohol, drugs and driving research

Research on alcohol, drugs and driving can be broadly separated into experimental and epidemiological studies. Every approach has its inherent advantages and disadvantages. Experimental studies can result in an interpretation by single cause, but can only identify potential risks, and the results can sometimes be of limited value because of the use of non-realistic doses or because of the drug use history or inter-individual differences of the volunteers. Recent studies have used higher, more realistic doses and paid more attention to the combination of alcohol and drugs and have shown that the chronic use of illicit drugs can be associated with some cognitive and/or psychomotor impairment, and can lead to a decrease in driving performance even when the subject is no longer intoxicated.Epidemiological studies include roadside surveys, studies in a subset of drivers, accident risk studies, responsibility analyses, surveys and pharmaco-epidemiological studies. Between studies, results may be incomparable due to testing different populations, different kinds of samples, etc. More large-scale roadside studies are conducted now.Advances in analytical toxicology have also contributed to a better understanding of the risks associated with driving under the influence. While older studies measured the inactive metabolite THC-COOH and did not show an increased risk in cannabis-positive drivers, more recent studies measured the active THC in blood and did show a concentration dependent increase in crash risk. The use of LC–MS/MS has allowed more broad-range screening as this technique can measure many different drugs in a small sample volume. While some older studies used saliva but had many analytical problems (including an insufficient sample volume in up to a third of the cases), newer methods of saliva sampling and analysis give better results. The use of saliva for roadside surveys allows non-invasive sampling, but the lack of correlation with the concentrations in blood makes interpretation of results difficult.The results of both epidemiological and experimental studies should be combined to obtain a good estimate of the impact of certain drugs on driving performance and accident risk. In 2006–07 a committee of international experts drafted guidelines for future research into drugs and driving. These have been taken on board by the DRUID project, a large-scale EU funded project on driving under the influence of drugs, alcohol and medicines.     

驾驶模拟器用于驾驶员安全教育的研究

本文简要介绍了我国交通事故和驾驶员安全教育现状以及驾驶模拟器用于驾驶员安全教育的前提条件,提出了驾驶模拟器用于驾驶员安全教育的虚拟道路交通视景系统的组成及设计方法,分析了驾驶员安全教育的虚拟道路交通视景特征及驾驶模拟器用于安全教育的可行性。