Psychosocial Complications of Crohn's Disease and Cause of Death

Patients who suffer from Crohn's disease are prone not only to the complications of a relapsing, unpredictable disease, but also to feelings of stigmatization; depression; and increased risk of suicidal ideation, suicide, or drug and alcohol abuse. Cases performed at the Jackson County Medical Examiner's Office from 2008 to 2010 were reviewed. Autopsy findings, investigator reports, toxicology results, medical records, and interviews with survivors were analyzed. Twelve cases of Crohn's disease were recovered. In 10 of these cases, inflammatory bowel disease was not the cause of death. Instead, psychosocial consequences of the disease had significant implications in the deaths. The mean age of decedents was 45 years, with a female predominance. In eight cases, the decedents lived alone. Five patients had issues of acute or chronic drug or alcohol use. Five patients committed suicide. These cases underscore the role of psychosocial factors that can contribute significantly to the cause of death in patients with Crohn's disease.     

Phenibut screening and quantification with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and its application to driving cases

An analytical strategy for identification by an LC–MS/MS multitarget screening method and a suitable LC–MS/MS based quantification were developed for the psychotropic drug phenibut. The samples analyzed were collected during traffic control and were associated with driving under the influence of drugs. A positive sample for phenibut was identified in a single case of driving under the influence. The quantification revealed a drug concentration of 1.9 μg/mL. An interaction with blood alcohol (BAC = 0.10%) was discussed as the explanation of the way of driving and deficit manifestations observed (swaying, nystagmus, quivering of the eyelid, and reddened eyes). According to the available information, the quantified phenibut concentration could be explained by an intake of four tablets (self-reported) during the day containing 250 mg of the drug. Chromatography was performed with a Luna 5 μm C18 (2) 100 A, 150 mm × 2 mm analytical column, and a buffer system consisted of 10 mM ammonium acetate and 0.1% acetic acid (v/v) included in mobile phases marked as A (H₂O/methanol = 95/5, v/v) and B (H₂O/methanol = 3/97, v/v). An effective limit of detection (LOD = 0.002 μg/mL) could be achieved for the multitarget screening method. The quantification of phenibut was performed on a second LC–MS/MS system with LOD/LOQ values of 0.22/0.40 μg/mL. Since phenibut quantification data are rare, the presented information can be used with caution for evaluation of positive cases in the future.     

The development of the comprehensive health assessment tool for young offenders within the secure estate

Health inequalities are high among offending groups. The comprehensive health assessment tool (CHAT) is a semi-structured assessment developed to provide a standardised approach to health screening for all young offenders admitted to the secure estate. The four sections of the CHAT (physical health, mental health, substance misuse and neurodisability) were evaluated within a two-phased study of male adolescents (aged 15–18?years) within a young offenders institution in the north-west of England. Within Phase 1, a consecutive sample of 127 new receptions was assessed using the physical health, mental health and substance misuse sections of the CHAT against a range of reference standard assessments. Phase 2 of the study evaluated the neurodisability section on 93 male adolescents against reference standard tools. The four sections of the CHAT demonstrated fair to good convergent validity when compared against reference standard tools in male offenders. The diagnostic accuracy rate was 76% for mental health, 63% for physical health, 83% for substance misuse and 53% for neurodisability when compared against reference standard assessment tools. The introduction of the CHAT offers the opportunity to enhance existing reception screening practices and create an integrated approach to the assessment of health needs across the secure estate.     

Exploration of the Concept and Path of Chinese Mutual Aid Therapeutic Community from View of the Social Rehabilitation

The experiment on the drug rehabilitation community in China started at the end of 20th century from the transplantation of the US “Daytop Mode” in Yunnan Province. With the increasingly relapse rate of drug users and the deepen development of government purchases services, many places like Shenzhen have put forward the concept of “No-drug Community”, aiming to explore the indigenous experience on community treatment. After reviewing the history of community drug control work, taking Shenzhen as an example, this paper explores the concept and path of the Chinese Mutual Aid Therapeutic Community from the view of social rehabilitation. It finds that external supporting system needs to be constructed during the course of rehabilitation. Meanwhile, by stimulating the changing motivation, strengthening cognition behaviors, rebuilding supportive family relationship on the individual level, as well as providing the support from peers, colleagues, and self-organization and positive culture on the environmental level, social workers can help drug users from exclusion to rehabilitation.     

毒品走私案件取证中存在的问题及对策

在对毒品走私案件的现场勘查取证和侦办中,存在的一些问题,直接导致了该案件被退回补充侦查或未被批准逮捕,甚至检察院不起诉或法院不予认定的情况,降低了案件承办部门的办案效率,增大了侦查资源的投入,进而影响对毒品走私犯罪的打击力度。本文对毒品走私犯罪案件取证中存在的问题进行探讨,并从办案实际出发提出相应对策,以期在打击毒品走私犯罪的取证工作中起到一定的借鉴作用。     

On the Limits of Social Control: Structural Deterrence and the Policing of “Suppressible” Crimes

The present study examined the relationships between patterns of police arrests and subsequent variations in robbery, burglary, and aggravated assault in New York City police precincts from 1989 to 1998. Grounded in the structural deterrence theoretical perspective, and using a two‐stage fixed‐effects statistical framework, the study found that while controlling for indicators of social disorganization, increases in arrest vigor (i.e., arrests per officer for violent crimes in each precinct and raw arrest counts) predicted decreases in robbery and burglary, but that the relationships were non‐linear: as arrest vigor increased, robbery and burglary crime decreased; when arrest thresholds were reached, however, both robbery and burglary crime rates became positively associated with arrest aggressiveness. Conversely, variations in aggressive arrest patterns had no significant effect on aggravated assault, supporting the suppressible crimes arguments that primarily economically motivated crimes, and those that tend to occur in public settings, are most likely deterred by aggressive police practices.     

Assessing the Relationship between Immigration Status and Drug Use

The immigration–crime connection has been the basis for numerous immigration policy decisions. However, there are theoretical arguments and empirical evidence both for and against the positive relationship between immigration and crime. Moreover, much of this research has failed to focus specifically on illegal immigrants. The current study examines drug use patterns among 3,050 recently booked arrestees in Maricopa County, Arizona, from April 2007 to September 2008. Using logistic regression, the authors isolate the effects of immigration status on several types of drug use while controlling for relevant individual and situational characteristics. Findings show that illegal immigrants are generally less likely to use drugs when compared to US citizens, with the exception of powder cocaine use. The paper concludes with a discussion of the study's implications for the larger body of research on immigration and crime, as well for immigration and enforcement policy and practice.     

常见毒品GC/FID定量分析方法

目的采用GC/FID方法对5种常见毒品进行定量分析。方法在1mL含有甲基苯丙胺、MDMA、氯胺酮、海洛因及6-乙酰吗啡的混合标准溶液中加入500μg/mL C17内标物20μL,用GC/FID方法定量测定。结果在加标量为62.5μg/mL、125μg/mL、250μg/mL的标准溶液中,5种分析物的回收率为84.3%～110%,日内6次测定的RSD≤5.6%,日间5次测定RSD≤5.4%,线性范围为6.25μg/mL～500μg/mL,检出限为0.1μg/mL～0.3μg/mL,用所建立的GC/FID定量方法对案件样品进行定量分析,同一样品平行测定两次结果相对相差小于7.7%。结论该方法适合于常见毒品的定量分析。     

滥用专利权的内涵及其制止措施

通过论述在我国建立制止滥用专利权体系的必要性,围绕滥用专利权行为的内涵以及制止滥用专利权行为的措施这两个核心问题,介绍了《巴黎公约》和《TRIPS协定》的有关规定以及美国制止滥用专利权行为的实际做法,在此基础上分析我国反垄断法和专利法有关规定的含义.     

食品药品安全监管问题分析及其法律规制

食品药品安全的监管问题包括两个层面,即在构成犯罪的场合,属于刑事法律的规制;在违法违规层面,则属于行政法的管辖范围。鉴此,应针对当前监管机制存在的问题,围绕主体厘清、责任明确、制度建构和法条完善四点,展开讨论。通过对相关问题的现状及其成因的检视,提出应对建议,以期食品药品安全监管问题研究的进一步深入和完善。