越南毒品政策：变化中的十年

HIV在毒品注射者中的迅速传播引起了越南政府的高度关注,并在1992～2011年间对毒品政策进行了重大调整。发现和分析促成政策转变的因素,探讨毒品政策与实践之间存在的矛盾,及其对吸毒人员获得有效的公共卫生服务的影响,对政府加强毒品问题防控尤为必要。政府应当发现政策冲突对社会及公共卫生可能造成的影响;不同管理部门应协调一致;应建立鼓励公民参与政策制定过程的制度,以强化毒品政策与实践的联系等对策。     

我国有组织毒品犯罪活动的嬗变及侦查启示

毒品犯罪活动具有广泛和深刻的社会危害性,一直受到国际社会的普遍关注。当代我国有组织毒品犯罪活动不断发展变化,毒品问题愈发严峻,毒品犯罪组织的结构形式和运作模式不断呈现出新的特点,所产生的犯罪能量日益扩大,对我国缉毒侦查工作造成极大的挑战。有必要系统分析我国毒品犯罪的成因及有组织毒品犯罪活动的嬗变过程,在深刻发掘毒品犯罪本质的基础上提出针对有组织毒品犯罪的侦查策略。     

Proteolytic‐Based Method for the Identification of Human Growth Hormone*

Abstract: Human growth hormone (HGH) is a relatively small protein consisting of 191 amino acids and has an average mass of 22,125 amu. The forensic analysis of proteins such as HGH must meet the analytical sufficiency requirements for the laboratory and consists of a binary approach. A suspected sample is analyzed as the whole protein for retention time and mass determination using high performance liquid chromatography equipped with a photodiode array and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Further fragmentation of the protein using a proteolytic enzyme adds another dimension to the specificity of the analysis. Porcine trypsin digests proteins in a very predictable manner and yields peptide fragments of the original protein that can be used as a means for fingerprinting the larger biomolecule. In silico, or theoretical, digestion of HGH by trypsin yields 21 peptides ranging in size from 1 to 23 amino acids in length. The larger fragments containing higher numbers of amino acids give more specificity to identifying a protein based on a fragment produced by the digestion of trypsin. Herein, the analysis of HGH using a proteolytic approach is presented that meets the Scientific Working Group for the Analysis of Seized Drugs (SWGDRUG) recommendations for the identification of unknown substances.     

Stable Isotope Ratios of Marijuana. I. Carbon and Nitrogen Stable Isotopes Describe Growth Conditions*

Abstract: There remains significant uncertainty in illicit marijuana cultivation. We analyzed the δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N of 508 domestic samples from known U.S.A. counties, 31 seized from a single location, 5 samples grown in Mexico and Colombia, and 10 northwest border seizures. For a subset, inflorescences and leaves were analyzed separately. These data revealed a strong correspondence, with inflorescences having slightly higher δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values than leaves. A framework for interpreting these results is introduced and evaluated. Samples identified as outdoor‐grown by δ¹³C were generally recorded as such by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). DEA‐classified indoor‐grown samples had the most negative δ¹³C values, consistent with indoor cultivation, although many were also in the outdoor‐grown domain. δ¹⁵N indicated a wide range of fertilizers across the dataset. Samples seized at the single location suggested multiple sources. Northwest border δ¹³C values suggested indoor growth, whereas for the Mexican and Colombian samples they indicated outdoor growth.     

An optimal anti-drug law enforcement policy

This article presents a model for a drug law enforcement policy whose objective is harm reduction, including the net cost of law enforcement, social harm and surplus of agents. We consider a vertically organized distribution system with two levels, traffickers and retailers. The two questions concern which type of sellers have to be prosecuted and which law enforcement policy should be implemented that is, the probability of being caught and the severity of the punishment. We show that a trafficker-oriented law enforcement regime can avoid counter-productive policies. Moreover, decriminalization or depenalization is optimal under some conditions depending on the relationship between social harm and consumption.     

吸毒死亡相关者组织病理学观察

目的研究吸毒死亡者的组织病理学特点,为此类案件的诊断提供有价值的参考资料。方法收集30例吸毒者尸体材料,进行系统尸体解剖和组织病理学检查,并结合吸毒者生前资料进行综合分析。结果体表注射痕迹、消瘦、窒息现象和重要器官病变与吸毒密切相关。30例中,20％死于疾病,33．3％死于毒品过量致急性中毒,26．7％在戒毒期间死亡,10％猝死,10％死于外来暴力。结论系统尸检和组织病理学观察在毒品相关死亡案例的诊断中有重要意义。     

互易毒品行为的刑法性质评析

贩卖毒品罪中的卖出行为本质上以买卖关系为基础,互易毒品行为与之存在着性质差别。有偿性交付毒品和买卖毒品是不能划等号的,有偿性只是贩卖毒品的一个特征,而不是买卖行为的独自属性。将互易毒品行为认定为贩卖行为在逻辑上存在着大前提的判断错误。以毒品代物清偿同样不属于贩卖毒品。一概视为贩卖毒品罪违背了罪刑法定原则。只有通过完善立法,将提供毒品行为立法入罪,才能从根本上解决问题。     

运输毒品罪的法律辨析

运输毒品的行为往往是其他毒品犯罪的辅助行为,运输毒品罪往往与其他毒品犯罪交叉和竞合。为了更准确地定罪,必须认识到运输行为的本质是：在国（边）境内,转移明知的毒品的地理位置。对于该罪的既未遂形态,应当根据运输方式的不同分别认定;与转移毒品罪和非法持有毒品罪的区别必须依赖于行为人的主观方面;运输毒品罪与走私毒品罪的根本区别在于移动毒品的地理位置的不同。     

The symbiotic tensions of the regulatory–carceral state: The case of cannabis legalization

Recent scholarship has emphasized the need to develop a polymorphic conceptualization of the regulatory state. This article contributes to this theory-building project by outlining a research agenda for exploring the symbiotic interactions and tensions between the regulatory and carceral morphs of the state. Using the case study of cannabis legalization reforms in the United States, we argue that the legitimation deficits of the carceral state stimulate the proliferation of new regulatory frameworks for governing social problems that were traditionally handled by the criminal justice system. We demonstrate how the polymorphic approach illuminates the ways in which the regulatory and carceral morphs of the state compete for influence over shared policy domains, but also complement and reinforce one another. Thus, rather than precipitating the demise of the carceral state, cannabis legalization reforms sustain a bifurcated governance structure perpetuating long-standing patterns of using drug law as a means for racialized social control.     

Do drug users use less alcohol than non-drug users? A comparison of ethyl glucuronide concentrations in hair between the two groups in medico-legal cases

Two groups were selected from the remainder of hair samples that had been tested for drugs at TrichoTech for medico-legal cases: samples that tested negative (drug-negative group; N=42, age 33.4+/-7.2 years) and samples that tested positive for drugs (drug-positive group; N=57, age 32.5+/-8.8 years). A rapid, simple method to detect the ethanol metabolite, ethyl glucuronide (EtG) in hair has been developed. The hair samples were sectioned, and then submitted to overnight sonication in water. Samples then underwent SPE using anion exchange cartridges, followed by derivatisation with N,O-bis[trimethylsilyl]trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA), before confirmation by GC-MS/MS. The assay produced excellent linearity and sensitivity over the calibration range 0.02-1.0 ng/mg, assuming a 10 mg hair sample. The mean age of the two groups was not statistically different (p=0.575, Student t-test), indicating a homogeneous group. Twelve of the 57 (21.0%) hair samples of the drug-positive group tested positive for EtG, and 17 of the 42 (40.5%) hair samples of the drug-negative group tested positive for EtG. The mean concentration of EtG in the drug-positive group was 0.011 ng/mg compared to 0.107 ng/mg in the drug-negative group. When the full results of this study were subjected to statistical analysis it was shown that EtG levels in the drug-negative group were statistically higher than those found in the drug-positive group (p<0.05). This preliminary finding may be of use in the study of addiction and adds valuable data to previous studies regarding the use of EtG as a valuable marker for alcohol levels in hair.