WHEN THE COST IS TOO GREAT: THE EMOTIONAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT ON CHILDREN OF INCARCERATING THEIR PARENTS FOR DRUG OFFENCES1

The advent of the modern “war on drugs” and its accompanying “lock 'em up and throw away the key” crime policies largely explain the evolution of mass incarceration in the U.S. and account for much of the emotional and psychological pain caused to children who have lost their parents to long prison sentences. It is by reducing reliance on incarceration to tackle the “drug problem” in the United States that there will be a positive impact on reducing the number of parents being separated from their children for inordinate amounts of time, thereby potentially reducing the negative emotional and psychological impact on children. Aiding parents combat their addiction outside of prison walls is perhaps to most sensible criminal justice policy in addressing the needs of children who are caught in the cross‐fire of the war on drugs. In the meantime, as policy makers review, assess, and, eventually, reform draconian drug laws and sentencing policies, it is imperative that front‐line service providers who work with children and family and juvenile court judges be mindful of the emotional and psychological impact that parental incarceration has on youth. A more in‐depth understanding of the complexities of these young people's life experiences will hopefully enable the development of appropriate support services.     

析我国戒毒模式发展方向

2008年6月1日，《中华人民共和国禁毒法》正式颁布施行，标志着我国禁毒工作从此进入到了依法全面推进禁吸戒毒新的历史阶段，对全面推动我国禁毒事业长远发展具有重大意义。《禁毒法》的实施也标志着我国劳教戒毒的结束。《禁毒法》中明确了我国今后的戒毒发展方向：自愿戒毒、社区戒毒、强制隔离戒毒和社区康复。为此，我国戒毒模式将依法得以重构与完善。     

美国与毒品有关的“黑话”特点与汉译探析

语言是文化的载体。美国与毒品有关“黑话”是美国毒品文化的映射。与毒品有关的“黑话”所呈现出的各种特征既是某个特殊时期美国历史成分的沉淀，也反映了“黑话”产生的特殊文化背景，更显示了“黑话”研究所面临的艰涩。语言是为现实服务的。在现实的警务翻译工作中，了解美国与毒品有关的“黑话”特点及其文化背景，具体掌握“黑话”汉译的内在规律，不仅对从事禁毒国际协作的活动具有现实意义，对汉译的学术研究也具有添砖加瓦的意义。     

解析九个第一的“昆明戒毒模式”

昆明市强制戒毒所组建二十年来，积极探索“以人为本”的禁吸戒毒工作新思路、新举措，长期开展戒毒工作，首创全国禁吸戒毒工作领域的九个第一。在实践中进一步丰富和完善并形成“昆明戒毒模式”，在国际国内禁吸戒毒工作领域受到广泛关注。本文通过解析这一先进戒毒模式，以期提供学习和借鉴。     

A Rush to Judgment?: The Origin of the 2001 Australian “Heroin Drought” and its Implications for the Future of Drug Law Enforcement

This paper reassesses the origins of what has been referred to as the Australian “heroin drought.” It looks at the theories that circulated in drug policy circles immediately after the supply shortage was discovered in 2001. It concludes that there may have been a ”rush to judgment” as these inferences were based on unsatisfactory data. As such, none of the theories that were advanced at the time hold true — the shortage was almost certain to have been the result of a Taliban- enforced reduction of Afghanistan grown opium. As interdiction strategies were one of the main theories for the shortage, this might seem disappointing, especially as supply reduction strategies struggle to maintain relevancy against a growing shift to demand reduction and harm reduction strategies. But this situation should not be the case — drug seizures should not be hailed as law enforcement's central strength in this or any other situation. Instead, the strong point of policing should be seen as the broad approach it takes to reduce crime through its attack on all criminal enterprises, not just its assault on a particular criminal sector — like the drug trade.     

海峡两岸毒品犯罪比较研究

两岸刑法在毒品概念、分级制度、毒品犯罪对象和行为类型等方面存在较大的差异。大陆刑法在毒品犯罪对象、行为类型等方面有着较为完整的规制体系，台湾“刑法”在毒品分级制度和使用行为犯罪化问题上迥异于大陆刑法。研究还发现，台湾“刑法”的毒品分级制度、毒品目录更新机制、对制毒设备和施用毒品的器具的刑法规制值得大陆刑法借鉴。     

中国禁毒形势分析评估

国家的禁毒战略建构是一项庞大的系统工程。没有清醒、准确的形势判断，再好的战略设计也没有用武之地。我国禁毒形势依然非常严峻。通过研判和分析说评估，尽快实施缉毒力量的战略调整和重新规划，强化基础设施建设，以期利用难得的战略机遇，争取禁毒形势好转，真正实现战略转折的实现。     

Overview of: “The Impact of Drug Market Pulling Levers Policing on Neighborhood Violence: An Evaluation of the High Point Drug Market Intervention”

Research Summary Pulling levers policing draws upon the focused deterrence framework, which has shown considerable promise when directed at youth, gun, and gang offenders. However, much less is known about the viability of pulling levers when applied to different contexts as well as to diverse groups of offenders. We examine the High Point (North Carolina) Drug Market Intervention (DMI), the first site to use pulling levers as a place-based policing approach to disrupt a series of open-air drug markets across the city. Eleven years of longitudinal data are analyzed by using difference-in-difference panel regression analyses combined with finite mixture estimation as a means to test for divergence in violent crime patterns. Several key, although inconsistent, findings are presented. First, we found a statistically significant reduction in violent offenses in specific high-crime places (i.e., high-trajectory census blocks) located across the different targeted neighborhoods compared with the remainder of High Point, and relative to comparable nontargeted areas. Second, the citywide violent crime rate actually increased after a series of interventions unfolded, which may suggest limitations with the approach. Finally, trend analyses indicated the strategy had different levels of violent crime impact throughout unique geographic contexts. Policy Implications Rather than arresting every offender identified as having participated in illicit drug trafficking across various geographic contexts within the city, officials in High Point decided to invite low-risk drug offenders to community notification sessions in order to change their perceived risk of punishment as well as to mobilize community members across the different targeted neighborhoods. The suggestive evidence of potential, although limited, violent crime impact illustrates that this type of policing strategy may hold considerable promise. This interpretation gains credence when considered with prior evaluations of the DMI approach that illustrated the potential for reducing drug-related crime and in light of reports of improved police–community relations. The inconsistent findings across all locations and the overall city increase in violent crime toward the end of the study period, however, raise several concerns when interpreting study results. Additionally, our findings suggest that further replications should include systematic problem-identification, process measures, and more precise research designs.     

Street-level drug law enforcement: A meta-analytical review⋆

Our paper presents the results of a meta-analytical review of street level drug law enforcement. We conducted a series of meta-analyses to compare and contrast the effectiveness of four types of drug law enforcement approaches, including community-wide policing, problem-oriented/partnership approaches that were geographically focused, hotspots policing and standard, unfocused law enforcement efforts. We examined the relative impact of these different crime control tactics on street-level drug problems as well as associated problems such as property crime, disorder and violent crime. The results of the meta-analyses, together with examination of forest plots, reveal that problem-oriented policing and geographically-focused interventions involving cooperative partnerships between police and third parties tend to be more effective at controlling drug problems than community-wide policing efforts that are unfocused and spread out across a community. But geographically focused and community-wide drug law enforcement interventions that leverage partnerships are more effective at dealing with drug problems than traditional, law enforcement-only interventions. Our results suggest that the key to successful drug law enforcement lies in the capacity of the police to forge productive partnerships with third parties rather than simply increasing police presence or intervention (e.g., arrests) at drug hotspots.

我国的吸毒者中艾滋病流行现状与预防措施

目前在我国,吸毒者是艾滋 病感染的高危人群,静脉注射吸毒是 艾滋病的主要传播途径。绝大多数吸 毒者有艾滋病感染／传播的高危行为, 如共用注射器、商业性行为,并且性行 为中有半数从不戴安全套。因此,了解 吸毒者中艾滋病流行现状,提出可行 的预防控制措施十分必要。