Self-serving aspects of social cognition among adult offenders

Abstract

The different cognitive beliefs about offending exhibited by offenders are discussed. The question addressed in this paper concerns the extent to which beliefs and social knowledge about offending differentiate between different characteristic types of offending (drug abuse, theft, sexual and violent). Two hundred and ninety adult male prisoners in four Taiwanese prisons provided self-reported criminal histories. From these a crime index indicative of the proportion of offences of each type (or specialism in offending) was calculated for each offender. Offenders legitimize their own offending while they tend to regard the offences of others negatively. In this way, cognitive representations may reinforce an offender's specific pattern of criminal acts while also insulating them from pressures towards other criminal activities. Evidence is presented that offenders' social knowledge development is consolidated around crime themes.     

GC-MS检测新型策划毒品K3

目的基于气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）检测结合特殊质谱库信息检索建立新型策划毒品的鉴定方法。方法未知样品用甲醇超声溶解,吸取上清液采用气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）联用仪检测。结果测得A组分（t R=19.47min）的质谱特征碎片峰（m/z）信息为215.1（基峰）、144.9、294.1、337.1和365.1,B组分（tR=23.29min）的质谱特征碎片峰（m/z）信息为359.1（基峰）、127.1、144.0、155.0、232.1、284.1和342.0。经美国缉毒署毒品分析谱库检索获得的信息资料,鉴定为新型策划毒品＂K3＂,其主要组分为＂AKB48＂和＂AM2201＂,此类化合物具有大麻类似精神活性,归属合成大麻素。结论本方法可用于新型策划毒品组分的鉴定。     

On the ubiquity of drug selling among youthful offenders in Washington,D.C., 1985–1991: Age,period, or cohort effect?

We present a multiple-cohort analysis of rates of participation in drug offenses versus other crime in an urban sample, based on official charge data on young adults from the Pretrial Services Agency in the District of Columbia for the years 1985 to 1991. We make lower-bound estimates of how many individuals from particular population groups residing in the District are involved in drug-related criminal activities, examine trends in drug and nondrug charges in Washington, D.C., and disentangle the age, cohort, and period effects in the variation in participation in drug offenses across multiple birth cohorts in the city. We estimate that up to 30% of the young, black male populationof the District of Columbia were charged with drug distribution during this time. Charge rates for drug distribution activities appear to peak around age 24, decreasing slowly thereafter. Large and nonlinear period effects were observed for all drug-related charge rates, while increasing linear period effects were found for nondrug misdemeanors. Cohort effects in drug-related charge rates were also observed. Levels of participation in drug distribution charge rates were lower for older cohorts, while the cohort share with a drug possession charge declined for younger cohorts. However, when age and period effects are included in the models, these cohort effects are muted or disappear, except in the case of nondrug misdemeanors.     

制造毒品罪疑难问题之解析

在理论上,制造毒品包括质与量上的毒品生产以及毒品的加工,其本质是使毒品从无到有地产生、增加毒品的危害性。在司法实践中,应当严格区分毒品的种植、生产与制造。分装毒品、毒品的混合、稀释毒品、在毒品中掺入杂质等行为是否属于制造毒品,则要根据具体情况分别定性。     

Changing patterns of drug and alcohol use in fatally injured drivers in Washington State

We have previously reported on patterns of drug and alcohol use in fatally injured drivers in Washington State. Here we revisit that population to examine how drug use patterns have changed in the intervening 9 years. Blood and serum specimens from drivers who died within 4 h of a traffic accident between February 1, 2001, and January 31, 2002, were analyzed for illicit and therapeutic drugs and alcohol. Drugs when present were quantitated. Samples suitable for testing were obtained from 370 fatally injured drivers. Alcohol was detected above 0.01 g/100 mL in 41% of cases. The mean alcohol concentration for those cases was 0.17 g/100 mL (range 0.02-0.39 g/100 mL). Central nervous system (CNS) active drugs were detected in 144 (39%) cases. CNS depressants including carisoprodol, diazepam, hydrocodone, diphenhydramine, amitriptyline, and others were detected in 52 cases (14.1%), cannabinoids were detected in 47 cases (12.7%), CNS stimulants (cocaine and amphetamines) were detected in 36 cases (9.7%), and narcotic analgesics (excluding morphine which is often administered iatrogenically in trauma cases) were detected in 12 cases (3.2%). For those cases which tested positive for alcohol c. 40% had other drugs present which have the potential to cause or contribute to the driver's impairment. Our report also considers the blood drug concentrations in the context of their interpretability with respect to driving impairment. The data reveal that over the past decade, while alcohol use has declined, some drug use, notably methamphetamine, has increased significantly (from 1.89% to 4.86% of fatally injured drivers) between 1992 and 2002. Combined drug and alcohol use is a very significant pattern in this population and is probably overlooked in DUI enforcement programs.     

柔嫩艾美球虫抗药株第二代裂殖子的双向电泳图谱比较

对实验室诱导的柔嫩艾美球虫马杜拉霉素、地克珠利抗药株及其同母源敏感株第二代裂殖子的蛋白质进行双向电泳 ,构建了稳定的双向电泳图谱。经Imagemaster 2DElite软件分析 ,敏感株和抗药株平均可分离 90 0个点 ;以敏感株平均胶作为参考胶 ,抗药株平均胶与之比较 ,得到差异蛋白质斑点 ,其中地克珠利抗药株和马杜拉霉素抗药株各有 4个表达差异点。这些差异表达的蛋白质可能参与了球虫抗药性产生的过程。     

经济全球化与网络犯罪

经济全球化正在推动着现代化社会和世界秩序的重组 ,但其所带来的负面影响与冲突也不可低估。网络是全球化发展的产物 ,全球化的进程将深刻影响互联网业的发展。与此相关的问题是 ,网上诈骗活动日益猖狂 ,网上毒品交易渐趋频繁 ,网上银行的安全问题突出。漠视这些问题的存在 ,将会使经济全球化变为一场泡影     

IMAGES OF DANGER AND CULPABILITY: RACIAL STEREOTYPING,CASE PROCESSING,AND CRIMINAL SENTENCING*

In this paper we argue that the meaning of race in criminal justice decision making will vary depending on other offender and offense characteristics, and that differences in treatment within races may therefore be as large as differences between races. We find that, among adult drug offenders from Washington State, those white offenders who most closely resemble the stereotype of a dangerous drug offender receive significantly harsher treatment than other white offending groups, while among black offenders, it is the defendants who least resemble a dangerous drug offender who receive substantially different—in this case, less punitive—treatment than other black offenders. That is, the exceptions are made for the most serious and the least serious offenders. We discuss the implications of these findings.     

当前毒品犯罪的现状、特点及对策

在国际社会非传统安全问题中,毒品犯罪是一个非常突出的问题,日趋严重的毒品犯罪问题已经成为全球性的灾难。近些年来,世界性的毒品犯罪又呈现出一些新特点和新趋势。因此,打击毒品犯罪,提高全民反毒意识,是维护世界和平与安全的一个重要方面。     

毒品犯罪的刑罚适用问题思考——兼论毒品犯罪限制适用死刑

我国刑事立法中对毒品犯罪的刑罚适用经历了一个从严趋缓再转严的发展过程。毒品犯罪是当今世界仅次于恐怖活动犯罪的最严重的国际犯罪,国际刑法对之也作了专门规定。我国现行《刑法》对毒品犯罪适用死刑的规定,固然有历史与刑事政策的原因,但从预防犯罪和国际刑罚的发展趋势看,应当通过扩大财产刑和自由刑等措施限制适用死刑。