The Identification of a Steel Mold’s Marks on Fake Drug Bottles

Plastic bottles are commonly encountered in drug cases where they are used as packaging materials and produced with polymers. However, to the best of our knowledge, systematic studies on the evidential values of medicine bottles have not been carried out. Therefore, it is difficult practically to determine if it is possible to identify whether the plastic bottles are manufactured with the same steel mold by comparing the manufacturing marks on plastic bottles. This paper reports the successful attempt of the authors in establishing a definite relationship between three different medicine bottles with a steel mold recovered from suspects. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was used to characterize the chemical composition of submitted medicine bottles, and then some physical characteristics (viz., total length, length, and diameter of different parts) and the manufactured marks on these bottles were examined. The results showed that the linkage of the medicine bottles to a steel mold was successfully established using the similarities in physical characteristics and manufacturing marks. In the process, the FT-IR was only complementary in the identification process. The individual characteristics of plastic medicine bottles included the imperfections and striated impressions that were produced by the grinding patterns on the inner surface of a steel mold.     

idPAD: Paper Analytical Device for Presumptive Identification of Illicit Drugs

As drug overdose deaths across the United States continue to rise, there is increasing interest in field testing of illicit substances. This work discusses a paper-based analytical device (idPAD) that can run a library of 12 colorimetric tests at the same time, each detecting different chemical functional groups and materials found in illicit drugs, distractor substances, and cutting agents. The idPAD requires no electricity, costs less than $2 USD, and requires minimal training to operate. The results of the 12 tests form a color barcode which is “read” by comparison to standard images. The accuracy of the idPAD was assessed using samples of heroin, cocaine HCl, crack, and methamphetamine at concentrations of 25%–100% in a lactose matrix, as well as pure lactose. Based on 840 “reads” by three different users, the idPAD showed 95% sensitivity and 100% specificity for detecting these drugs; the most common error was mistaking cocaine HCl for crack or crack for cocaine HCl. In a second step, samples of heroin, cocaine, and methamphetamine (n = 30) and distractor substances (pharmaceuticals, cutting agents, and other illicit drugs, n = 64) were tested by two readers, yielding a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 97%. Targeted substances were detected reliably at 55–180 μg/lane, and the idPAD was found to be stable for at least 3 months when stored at room temperature. The library approach used in the idPAD may provide the accuracy and robustness necessary for a presumptive field drug test.     

Fentanyl Detection Using Eosin Y Paper Assays,

Eosin Y is a potential new color test for use in detecting illicit drugs that has not been extensively studied. In the present study, a variety of drugs of abuse and fentanyl analogues were tested to determine which drugs will bind to eosin Y, which functional groups are capable of binding and eliciting a color change, and a mechanism for eosin Y binding to fentanyl. Further, these agents were combined with common cutting agents and other drugs of abuse in order to determine the fentanyl detection limit in a drug mixture using an eosin Y test strip. Additionally, cobalt thiocyanate was used to determine whether the combination of cobalt thiocyanate and eosin Y has the potential to identify fentanyl. Through the testing performed, we concluded that (i) Eosin Y is capable of detecting low amounts of fentanyl down to 1%, (ii) Eosin Y binds to select tertiary amines to produce an orange to pink color change, and (iii) Eosin Y binds to the nonpiperidine ring nitrogen of fentanyl as a primary binding site and the piperidine ring nitrogen as a secondary binding site. While the cobalt thiocyanate assay detected 1% fentanyl in some of the mixtures, eosin Y detected 1% fentanyl in all mixtures. Finally, eosin Y was able to detect fentanyl in forensic case samples containing heroin and various cutting agents. Based on our results, eosin Y has the potential to screen for fentanyl and fentanyl analogues and can detect fentanyl in low amounts when mixed with common cutting agents.     

社会复归视角下中国戒毒互助型治疗社区的理念与干预路径探究——以深圳社区戒毒社会工作为例

我国戒毒治疗社区实验始于20世纪末“美国戴托普治疗模式”在昆明的移植。随着戒毒者复吸率的持续上升与政府购买服务的深化,深圳等地于21世纪初提出“无毒社区”概念,尝试探索治疗社区的本土经验。在回顾中国社区戒毒历程后,文章以深圳社区戒毒社会工作为例,探究社会复归理论下中国互助型治疗社区的理念与实务路径。研究发现,在戒毒者回归社区的自立自强中,需要积极建构互助型治疗社区的外部支持环境。同时,透过个人层面的激发改变动机、强化认知行为、重建支持性的家庭关系,以及环境层面的同辈互助、同事互助、自组织互助、正面文化营造等实务干预路径,社会工作可以协助戒毒者实现从“排斥”到“复归”。     

桑叶提取物对大鼠体内细胞色素P450酶活性的影响

目的 采用“Cocktail”混合探针药物法,探究桑叶水提物（aqueous extract of mulberry leaves,AML）、桑叶醇提物（ethanol extract of mulberry leaves,EML）对大鼠体内细胞色素P450（cytochrome P450,CYP450）酶活性的影响,从代谢酶的角度预测它可能引起的药物相互作用,为临床合理用药提供参考。方法 选用非那西丁、安非他酮、双氯酚酸钠作为大鼠体内3种CYP450酶（CYP1A2、CYP2B6、CYP2C9）的探针药物。雄性SD大鼠连续灌胃桑叶提取物14 d,第14天灌胃后30 min尾静脉注射混合探针药物,根据不同时间点采血。采用超高效液相色谱- 串联质谱测定各组血药浓度,用DAS 2.0和SPSS 21.0软件拟合药物代谢动力学参数并进行统计学分析。结果 连续灌胃桑叶提取物14 d后,与9.0 g/L氯化钠注射液相比,AML组中非那西丁、双氯酚酸钠代谢减慢,安非他酮则不明显;与羧甲基纤维素钠组相比,EML组中安非他酮、双氯酚酸钠代谢减慢,非那西丁则不明显。结论 AML对大鼠体内CYP1A2、CYP2C9可能存在一定的抑制作用,对CYP2B6可能无显著性影响;EML对大鼠体内CYP2B6、CYP2C9可能存在一定的抑制作用,对CYP1A2可能无显著性影响。     

蔷薇科果实类药材脂肪酸不同样品前处理的GC-MS分析

目的 考察不同样品前处理方法对气相色谱-质谱法（gas chromatography and mass spectrometry,GC-MS）分析药材中脂肪酸成分的影响,为样品前处理条件选择提供实验依据。方法 用H2SO4-CH3OH（1∶10）溶液分别对蔷薇科5种果实类药材（木瓜、乌梅、山楂、覆盆子和金樱子）粉末进行直接甲酯化和乙醇提取物甲酯化,运用GC-MS方法检测各供试品中脂肪酸并加以比较。结果 直接甲酯化检测到脂肪酸成分数目较多,可测到从C2—C24脂肪酸;提取后再甲酯化,则检测到的脂肪酸成分随着提取溶剂极性改变而发生相应变化,提取溶剂极性偏大时有利于苹果酸、柠檬酸等短链小分子脂肪酸检测,极性偏小时有利于油酸、亚油酸等长链脂肪酸检测。结论 不同样品前处理方法对脂肪酸的检测结果存在差异;在相同的分析条件下,采用药材粉末直接甲酯化,可较全面地了解所含脂肪酸种类的信息;提取后再甲酯化,测得的脂肪酸种类减少,检测成分与提取溶剂极性大小相关。     

铁路站车人体藏毒犯罪案件查缉

公开查缉和延伸侦查是公安机关侦破毒品犯罪案件的两种基本措施和方法。铁路站车人体藏毒犯罪的特殊性,决定了公开查缉是铁路公安机关打击铁路站车人体藏毒犯罪的主要侦查手段和方法。面对铁路线长、点多,涉及区域广,人员流动密度大等实际,查缉工作要着重分析、研究行为人在运毒过程中不同阶段的心理变化所引起的行为性变化。为了有效打击站车人体藏毒犯罪活动,侦查员要树立强烈的侦查、法律、证据、情报技术等四个方面的意识。     

禁毒情报信息基础工作之困境与解决

情报信息是禁毒工作的重要组成部分,在毒品案件侦查过程中,情报信息的作用举足轻重。但是,当前禁毒基层部却存在的情报基础信息失灵,阵地控制疲软,对收集到的情报信息缺乏分析研究,信息转化利用率较低等突出问题,禁毒情报信息基础工作建设要切实解决好各级领导的思想认识问题,树立“一盘棋”的思想,协调诸警种的关系,强化基层禁毒警的情报信息意识,配备专门的警力进行情报信息分析,加大禁毒情报基础工作的投入。     

印楝油对小鼠的急性毒性试验和蓄积毒性研究

采用改良寇氏法进行了印楝油的急性毒性试验,采用固定剂量蓄积毒性系数法进行了蓄积毒性试验,以评价印楝油的安全性。在急性毒性试验中,给试验组小鼠灌服不同浓度的印楝油,观察给药后14d内小鼠的活动情况及死亡情况,采用改良寇氏公式计算LD50及可信限,测定了印楝油经口给药的LD50。蓄积毒性试验中,试验组小鼠采用固定剂量(1/5LD50)连续经口给药28d后,以蓄积系数评价其蓄积毒性,并对各组小鼠心、肝、脾、肺、肾的脏器系数及饲料利用率进行了测定。结果显示,印楝油经口的LD50为31.95g/kg;蓄积系数K大于5;试验组与对照组相比,饲料利用率与各脏器系数无明显差异(P0.05)。结果表明,印楝油属于实际无毒物质,且在小鼠体内几乎不具有蓄积毒性作用。     

Sentencing Female Drug Offenders: Reexamining Racial and Ethnic Disparities

This study analyzes the relationship between race/ethnicity and sentencing outcomes for female drug offenders in Florida. Grounded in the focal concerns perspective, the research examines whether, in the specific case of drug offenders, minority women are treated more harshly than White women. Interaction models are estimated to determine the influence of drug offense type on racial and ethnic sentencing disparities. Differences in sentencing outcomes are also examined following significant policy changes in the state. In general, the findings suggest that minority female drug offenders are disadvantaged at both the incarceration and sentence length decisions. It also appears that perceptions of dangerousness associated with female offenders' race/ethnicity and offense are incorporated into sentencing authorities' patterned responses. That is, the level of disparity between Black, Hispanic, and White females is conditioned by type of drug offense in the interaction models. The changes in sentencing policy also impact the role of race and ethnicity in sentencing decisions. By analyzing drug offenders exclusively, the current study clarifies the role of race in sentencing decisions for females. In contrast to prior research that examined all offense categories together, the current study suggests that for drug offenses, minority females may, in fact, be deemed more dangerous and culpable than White female drug offenders.