贩毒集团的亚文化

本文运用犯罪学的基础理论,通过分析贩毒集团之间、贩毒集团内部的亚文化,揭示了这种类型亚文化在贩毒集团中的运作模式,以及这类亚文化无情与虚伪的本质特征。     

软性毒品犯罪非罪化研究

作为全球三大公害之一的毒品问题,近几年在我国有愈演愈烈之势,与毒品作斗争已成为一项非常紧迫的任务。为了在打击毒品犯罪中取得更好的效果,有必要对毒品犯罪的内容做进一步的分析。其中对有关软性毒品的犯罪,因其较小的危害性,应当将其从毒品犯罪中剔除。     

ADOLESCENT DRUG USERS: THE JUSTICE SYSTEM IS MISSING AN IMPORTANT OPPORTUNITY

A significant number of youth and young adults who use drugs have fallen through the cracks of our juvenile and adult justice systems in terms of receiving any meaningful services. The situation is due to a number of factors, including the reliance on adolescent self reporting utilized by most of the research, the failure of justice and other systems to routinely assess youth for either current drug use or indicia of drug use (e.g., "resiliency" or "protective" factors), and confidentiality and other restrictions pertaining to access to juvenile justice system information. Yet, retrospective reviews of drug use patterns for adults in the criminal justice system make it clear that drug use is beginning for most of these offenders during adolescence or before. This article urges (1) juvenile courts to develop mechanisms for systematically screening youth who come into the system for drug use and/or propensities for drug use and (2) adult courts to embark on similar strategies and to develop adolescent tracks that would be geared to providing the services these youth (despite their chronological age) need and would otherwise not receive in the adult system.     

云南不明原因猝死地区隐花青鹅膏的毒性研究

目的 探究云南不明原因猝死案件事发当地隐花青鹅膏的毒性及毒理机制.方法 采集事发地的隐花青鹅膏,经基因测序鉴定种属后制成干粉和熬煮物,SD大鼠灌胃染毒,提血清测定肝、肾功能以及心肌酶谱的生化指标.灌胃染毒7次后,取大鼠心肌、肝脏和肾脏组织进行HE染色和透射电镜观察.最后运用SPSS 21.0统计学软件分析数据.结果 高...     

Producing race disparities: A study of drug arrests across place and race*

In studies of race disparities in policing, scholars generally employ quantitative methodologies with the goal of determining whether race disparities exist or, in fewer instances, of ruling out correlates. Yet, lacking from theoretical and empirical efforts is an elucidation of how and why on‐the‐ground policing produces race disparities that are justified in legal, race‐neutral terms. To address this knowledge gap, I analyze officers’ self‐reported accounts of their enforcement activities, justifications, and decision‐making in a representative sample of 300 official reports of drug arrests made in St. Louis from 2009 to 2013. These accounts are analyzed across neighborhood racial contexts and arrestee race, revealing important differences that help illuminate the race disparity problem. Unlike drug arrests in White neighborhoods or of White citizens that primarily stem from reactive policing, drug arrests in Black and racially mixed neighborhoods and of Black citizens result from officers’ greater use of discretionary stops based on neighborhood conditions, suspicion of ambiguous demeanor, or minor infractions. During such stops, officers’ discovery of drug possession often results from discretionary Terry frisks or searches incident to arrests for outstanding bench warrants. These findings fill important theoretical and empirical gaps and have implications for reforms toward racially just policing.     

A potentially catastrophic outcome from a false-positive urinary drug screen immunoassay

Background: Urinary drug screens are routinely administered for patients returning from leave from forensic psychiatric wards, and are required to be negative for patients to continue to use their allocated leave. Case: A 35-year-old woman took leave from her low-secure psychiatric unit. On return, her urine screened positively for 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). She strongly denied she had taken it; however, all her leave was cancelled. Her clinical state greatly deteriorated, and she attempted to hang herself the following day. After stabilisation of the patient and continued denial of taking MDMA, the urine was sent for toxicology analysis. In the weeks that followed, she started self-harming and deteriorated to the point of needing electroconvulsive therapy. The toxicological report came back as a false-positive due to recently started Mebeverine. Conclusion: Clinicians must be mindful that urinary drug screens are not diagnostic, but also that not being believed can be devastating, especially for long-stay forensic inpatients.     

How ‘Vulnerable’ young people describe their interactions with police: building positive pathways to drug diversion and treatment in Sydney and Melbourne,Australia

This article describes findings from an Australian mixed method study, and explores young people’s perceptions of police. We focus on the nature of positive experiences, and the potential for positive encounters to improve outcomes for young offenders affected by problematic alcohol and other drug use. Buber’s concept of dialogical interaction is used to articulate the components of a positive experience and how this increases police legitimacy. In doing so, we demonstrate that, despite negative experiences, young people can be sympathetic to the tensions of modern policing, and can envisage police as positive role models. As such, police can enhance outcomes for ‘vulnerable’ young people through more respectful interactions.     

Fatal Myocarditis Following Treatment with the PD‐1 Inhibitor Nivolumab

Therapeutic antibodies targeting the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD‐1) pathway function as immune checkpoint inhibitors, allowing the immune system to recognize tumors which otherwise escape immune surveillance. However, these agents can also elicit an autoimmune response by inhibiting the ability of non‐neoplastic tissues and regulatory cells to suppress the immune system. Here we present a fatal case of active myocarditis in a 55‐year‐old man with non‐small‐cell lung cancer which occurred following monotherapy with the PD‐1 inhibitor nivolumab (Opdivo). He presented with acute right‐sided heart failure and died 1 day after admission. Postmortem examination revealed multiple gelatinous lesions in the myocardium of the interventricular septum and the bilateral atria and ventricles which had microscopic features diagnostic of myocarditis. Subsequent studies failed to identify an infectious cause. Immune checkpoint inhibitors are an increasingly common addition to anticancer regimens and they should be considered in the evaluation of acute myocarditis.     

环境污水毒品检测技术在禁毒情报中的应用

本文以环境污水毒品检测技术为基础,结合相关法学和统计学理论,为毒品检测技术在禁毒情报的获取中提供了新的应用方式。本文首先介绍了环境污水分析技术的起源以及污水流行病学的研究方法,并对包括样品提取与保存、固相萃取、液相色谱串联质谱法分析在内的污水样品中毒品检测技术手段进行了详细的介绍;进而,对以禁毒情报工作的需求为着力点,通过动态广泛的污水中毒品检测,以大数据的方式获得关于不同种类毒品的时间空间分布情况的方法进行说明论述,充分展现了环境污水检测技术的应用潜力及前景;最后,对此项工作目前在理论和实践中存在的问题与不足进行了简要的汇总和分析。     

Experimental Study on the Postmortem Redistribution of the Substituted Phenethylamine, 25B‐NBOMe

2‐(4‐Bromo‐2,5‐dimethoxyphenyl)‐N‐(2‐methoxybenzyl)ethanamine (25B‐NBOMe) is a substituted phenethylamine, which has become highly prevalent worldwide since 2014. Recently, in an autopsy case involving fatal 25B‐NBOMe intoxication, we found the postmortem increase of 25B‐NBOMe concentration in the cardiac blood approximately 2 days after death. The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of 25B‐NBOMe and reproduce the postmortem redistribution using a rat model. Sprague‐Dawley rats were killed 30 min after intraperitoneal injection of 25B‐NBOMe (0.5 mg/kg) and left for 0, 3, 6, 9, 15, or 24 h (six rats at each time point). Postmortem 25B‐NBOMe concentrations in the cardiac blood increased by more than 10‐fold at 6‐h postmortem. 25B‐NBOMe accumulated primarily in the lung. Moreover, this postmortem redistribution occurred even in rats that had died 1 week following the 25B‐NBOMe administration. These findings indicate that attention should be paid to sample collection and data interpretation in the toxicological analysis of 25B‐NBOMe.