刑事缺席审判制度在中国的建构

刑事缺席审判的方式,有其存在的现实合理性和价值基础,应当合理权衡公正与效率的价值需求,充分考虑缺席审判的程序正当性。在我们的刑事诉讼中,如果能够合理设计缺席审判制度并有效规范它的运作,将会解决当前刑事诉讼中存在的某些相关问题。在我国确立缺席审判制度,必须明确缺席审判的适用范围,在合理控制缺席审判的发生条件的基础上,充分考虑制度设置的合理性,使缺席审判的运作合乎程序正当性的要求。     

伦理实体:道德教化的社会环境支持

人们在讨论道德教化问题时,一般都认为只要制定一套合理的道德原则和道德规范,教育人们遵守执行,就能提高人们的道德水平。而实际上,道德教化是人的内在心灵的整体生长,所以需要社会的伦理环境的支持、营养。因此使人们的生活共同体成为伦理实体,对道德教化来说是绝对必需的。     

Personality Pathways to Impulsive Behavior and Their Relations to Deviance: Results from Three Samples

The importance of the relation between impulsivity and deviance is well-acknowledged among criminologists. However, differences in the representations of impulsivity, some merely titular and others substantive, may cloud our understanding of these relations. The current study examines the argument, offered by Whiteside and Lynam Pers. Individuals Diff. (2000) 30: 669–689, that there may be four distinct personality pathways through which impulsive behavior may be manifested. Across three samples (two undergraduate, one community), we examine the validity of a four-factor structure of impulsivity, test whether these four pathways manifest divergent relations with various forms of deviant behavior such as crime and substance use, as well as laboratory manifestations of aggressive and impulsive behavior, and examine the invariance of these results across gender. The results support the existence of a four-factor model of impulsivity, the importance of two specific personality pathways in relation to self-reports of deviance (lack of premeditation and sensation seeking), as well as actual behavior, and suggest that these pathways are important for both men and women.     

重大行政决策中协商民主的困境与突围——以《湖南省行政程序规定》的实施为例

《湖南省行政程序规定》实施一年多来,重大行政决策中的行政公开、公众参与程度日益增强,但与此同时也面临着过于笼统原则的制度设计没有改变行政机关的决策垄断地位、行政机关体制内阻力表现明显、公众参与行政决策的普遍性有效性不足的困境。解决困境的有效路径是：以适度分权和细致分类为原则完善行政决策的协商民主程序设计,以考核、审查、问责为关键建设民主决策的监督机制,以增强意识、培育力量、畅通渠道为重点改善公众参与状况。     

论行政许可变更的正当程序

现实案例暴露出行政许可变更亟需规范的问题,从理论上说,行政许可变更及变更的控制模式有多种选择。当前我国宪法在这一方面仍存在诸多缺失,因此,借鉴其他国家和地区的立法经验,从启动程序、限制程序、办理程序、公众参与程序、特殊程序、救济程序等六大方面建构行政许可变更的正当程序成为必要。     

SEX EDUCATION LEFT AT THE THRESHOLD OF THE SCHOOL DOOR: STRICTER REQUIREMENTS FOR PARENTAL OPT‐OUT PROVISIONS

Current state law creates the risk that, if sex education is not provided to a child in public school, no similar instruction will be given to the child. Legislatively enacted opt‐out provisions give parents broad control over their child's education by granting them the option to have their child excused from any sex education requirements within a public school's curriculum. Through public school sex education, professionals provide youth information aimed at protecting them from the dangers of pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). A stricter statutory opt‐out provision should be enacted by state legislatures that only allows parents to excuse their child from sex education after a parent attends a 90‐minute STD prevention course and receives the instructional material used in the school's sex education curriculum. Parents should be provided up‐to‐date information and a structural framework designed by the school to encourage them to discuss with their child the many sexual issues addressed within a school's sex education curriculum.     

What Role for Human Rights in Business?

The Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs) were endorsed by the United Nations Human Rights Council in June 2011, following the six‐year mandate of the Special Representative to the Secretary General (SRSG) on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises. The SRSG developed a framework comprised of three pillars: (1) States have a duty to protect against human rights abuses committed by third parties, including business enterprises; (2) business enterprises have a responsibility to respect human rights; and (3) victims of business‐related human rights abuses need access to effective remedies. In particular, guiding principle (GP) 11 provides that business enterprises should respect human rights, that is, they should avoid infringing on the human rights of others and address adverse human rights impacts with which they are involved. This article considers the implications of the Guiding Principles' framework for business; the continuing role of conventional accountability mechanisms in providing access to remedy for victims under the third pillar of the framework; and developments in ‘hard law', with a particular focus on the approach by the UK, since the introduction of the UNGPs, before turning, briefly, to the future for business and human rights.     

犯罪概念形式与实质的理论建构

犯罪概念的形式与实质,是刑法理论犯罪界说的焦点,并且由此涉及到对于罪刑法定原则的贯彻。在刑法规范的框架内,犯罪的形式界定与实质界定并不是冲突的;大陆法系、英美法系犯罪成立条件的形式也贯穿着实质的判断。犯罪实质与形式的划分,既是立法实际的复写,也是理论分析的必要。行为的犯罪评价可以通过肯定判断与否定判断来具体实现。基于犯罪的“形式与实质双面统一”的理念,犯罪概念与罪刑法定原则具有形式与内容的统一。     

Risk and Protective Factors Associated with Alcohol,Cigarette, and Marijuana Use During Adolescence

The purpose of this study was to increase the knowledge base of adolescent substance use by examining the influences of risk and protective factors for specific substance use, namely alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana. Participants included 271 adolescents and their primary caregivers referred for mental health services across North Carolina. A series of hierarchical multiple regressions showed that the relative influences of risk and protective factors differed depending on the target substance in some cases. History of parental felony predicted use of all 3 substances, although the direction of association was substance specific. Parental behavioral control (how families express and maintain standards of behavior) was predictive only of cigarette and marijuana use, not alcohol use. The different links among risk factors, protective factors, and specific substance use are discussed, and recommendations for both mental health and substance use professionals are offered.She received her M.A. in Psychology from Wake Forest University and is currently a doctoral student in Clinical Psychology at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro. Her major research interests include developmental pathways to aggressive behavior among females.An evaluator for the North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, her major research interests include system of care intervention programming.She received her PhD in Clinical Psychology from Purdue University. Her major research interests include developmental psychopathology and early intervention.His research interests focus on youth violence and youth involved with the juvenile justice system.She received her PhD in Clinical Psychology from the University of North Carolina at Greensboro. Her research interests focus on early intervention with young children.     

法治政府建设的程序主义进路

中国当前的法治政府建设进路存在重内部机制、轻外部机制，重实体权限设定机制、轻程序规范机制，重事后救济和追责机制、轻过程规范机制的结构性缺陷，难以对在国家权力结构、国家权力与公民权利结构中都过于强大的行政权形成有效的规范制约。行政程序作为来自外部的、规范行政权行使过程的规范机制，具有防止行政权滥用的消极控权功能和助推行政权积极行使的公共意志形成功能，中国未来的法治政府建设重心应当转向行政程序机制的完善。当前的分散单行行政程序立法模式存在诸多问题，难以满足法治政府建设进路转型的需要，应当在总结地方法治政府建设程序主义进路探索经验的基础上，尽快从分散立法走向统一立法，尽早制定规范行政权的行政程序法典，确立并实现公民知情权、参与权的制度化，在利益多元化的社会条件下保障社会转型的顺利实现。