绵羊毛圆科线虫卵在不同温度下的发育情况观察

观察了寄生于绵羊体内的优势虫种细颈线虫、奥斯特线虫、捻转血矛线虫、马歇尔线虫等毛圆科线虫卵在不同环境中的发育能力 ;研究了细颈线虫卵在相对湿度 10 0 % ,0、3、5、10、15、2 0、2 5、30、35℃共 9个不同温度梯度的发育率和发育周期 ;并对毛圆科线虫卵在 - 17～ - 2 5℃自然冷冻环境中的发育情况和幼虫在干燥环境中的抗干旱能力进行了测试。结果表明 ,细颈线虫卵在 2 0℃、相对湿度 10 0 %的条件下发育率最高 ,发育周期最短 ;毛圆科线虫卵在 - 2 5～ 0℃环境中不发育 ,也不死亡 ;毛圆科线虫的幼虫在无水分的干燥环境中可存活 10 0d左右。     

Incorporating Co-offending in Sentencing Models: An Analysis of Fines Imposed on Antitrust Offenders

Analyses of sentencing (and other criminal justice processes such as the decision to prosecute, plea bargaining, and contact with the police) often use the isolated individual as the unit of analysis. However, the criminal justice system often processes either offenses or court cases rather than persons. If court cases always involved one individual, this would have little impact. However, offenses involving co-offending—two or more persons acting together—comprise a substantial proportion of criminal activity (Reiss, 1980, 1986). Depending on the prevalence of co-offending, it may be very likely that two or more individuals involved in the same case will be selected as members of the same sample of criminal justice or criminological data. Unless it can be shown that both the individual-level variables of co-offenders and their error terms are mutually independent, analyses based on methods such as ordinary least-squares multiple regression would violate the underlying assumptions of such models. However, alternatives to linear models assuming either type of independence are available. Among the most useful of these are mixed models, specifically those assuming compound symmetry. This is illustrated with an analysis of fines imposed on criminally convicted antitrust offenders. These models may yield results which are substantially different than those from models which ignore co-offending. In a model of fines imposed on antitrust offenders, models which ignore co-offending generally overstate both estimates and statistical significance of offense-level variables and understate those of offender-level variables.     

Unemployment,imprisonment, and the stability of punishment hypothesis: Some results using cointegration and error correction models

A version of the stability of punishment hypothesis is used to illustrate the concept of cointegration and its relationship to error correction models. The hypothesis is then tested and rejected using data from England and Wales. Finally, a dynamic time-series model relating imprisonment to convictions, crime, and Unemployment is developed and tested.The empirical results in this work are based upon those originally prepared for a paper to be given by the author and Steve Box at the meeting of the American Society of Criminology held in Montreal in November 1987. Steve Box died in September 1987 before it could be completed.The paper is dedicated to his memory and it is hoped that he would have approved its content, if not, perhaps, the dryness of its form.     

动的艺术与静的艺术——艺术本体新论

从全局上审视所有世间存在的艺术品——艺术家或非艺术家创造的用于审美需要的物质文化实体产品,会发现人们对艺术品的解读只有两种方式——有些艺术品以运动的形式被解读,另一些艺术品则以静态的形式被解读;或者说,前一种艺术品具有固定的先后解读秩序,必须严格按照时间序列遵从艺术品的先后构成秩序方可被解读,这些艺术品有文学、电影、电视、戏剧、音乐、舞蹈等;而后一种艺术品则以纯粹的静态形式被直观,这些艺术品有绘画、雕塑、摄影、建筑等。依据艺术品的构成秩序和解读秩序而将艺术品划分为动、静两大类,标准清晰,容易被一般艺术接受者所掌握,同时这一标准也比较能够揭示各种艺术品的本体特征,涵盖力和统摄性强,所以我们倾向于按照这一分类标准构建新的艺术格局。     

教育系统下少数民族文化的传承及动力因子

少数民族文化传承是教育系统内子系统之间有机结合、合力运行的过程,而推动教育系统运行的动力因子家庭教育、学校教育和社会教育,在运行中必须遵循有序性、协调性、互补性的原则,才能够保障教育系统内少数民族文化的顺利传承。     

《形而上学》中研究方法的动态转变及其带来的统一

《形而上学》是由一些杂乱的讨论抽象对象问题的文章所构成,不同章节间有时会出现矛盾,但我们从中可以看出亚里士多德为追求真理所做的种种探索和清晰的思想发展历程。这种发展尤其体现在亚里士多德将研究本体的方法由静态向动态的转变上。亚里士多德通过转变研究方法,化解了许多静态研究下产生的矛盾,并完成了自身理论的统一。     

“偏”和“偏偏”的情态类型及主观性差异

虽然"偏"和"偏偏"在用法上有交叉和重合,但二者仍有彼此对立的语义内涵."偏"指向句子主语,说明主语的意志与潜在行为与语境中的预期相反."偏偏"指向说话人,说明客观事实与说话人预期相反,从而表达说话人的不满或意外."偏"和"偏偏"核心语义的不同决定了二者情态类型的差异,"偏"属于动力情态,"偏偏"属于评价情态.从主观性上看,"偏偏"的主观性比"偏"更强.情态和主观性的视角使得对"偏"和"偏偏"差异的认识进一步深化.     

长三角区域合作的动力机制与现实基础

建立在市场机制基础上的共同利益和共性需求是区域合作的基本动力，是以规划手段推进区域合作的前提条件，也是编制长三角区域发展规划的现实基础。本文结合我国推动区域合作的实践启示，对此进行了系统、深入的探索，对我国区域规划编制工作具有现实借鉴意义。     

Overlapping polarization: On the contextual determinants of the interplay between ideological and affective polarization

Previous literature has distinguished two types of polarization: ideological and affective. However, little is known on how the interconnection of these two polarizations (which we call overlapping polarization) varies depending on the political context. Is affective polarization always associated with ideological polarization? What is the role of the institutional framework (i.e., democratic age and popular election of the head of state) and the party system (i.e., elite polarization and number of parties) in determining how wide this overlap is? This article examines the contextual determinants of overlapping polarization by using information from the four first CSES waves. According to our analyses, the individual-level positive effect of ideological polarization on affective polarization is stronger when the party system is ideologically polarized and in older democracies, and is weaker in presidential democracies and when the number of parties is higher.