Triad of terror: post-START reductions in broader context

Abstract

This paper considers the present condition and future prospects for post-Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (post-START) nuclear arms reductions in the following sequence. First, we review the essential features of the agreement between Obama and Russian President Dmitri Medvedev in July 2009, for a START follow-on agreement. Second, we discuss the larger political and military-strategic contexts within which these post-START negotiations will play out. Third, we perform an analysis to determine whether the START follow-on guidelines would meet prospective requirements for mutual deterrence and, in addition, whether US–Russian reductions could safely go even lower. Fourth, we take a specific look at the estimated impact of defenses on deterrence stability under post-START reductions. Fifth, pertinent conclusions are summarized.     

儒、道传统文化对生态正义的推助

中国儒、道传统文化中的朴素自然观照应了现代生态正义的应有之义,也就是现代社会所倡导的生态文明观的基本意旨。只有在优秀的生态文化背景之下,中国才能够找到反思生态问题的契机,并在实践中提出加强生态文明建设的倡导。中国儒、道传统文化中的生态思想潜移默化,预示着当代社会文明的新的正义归属。在生态危机与现代文明的冲突中,中国传统文化在孕育着解决这一矛盾冲突的文化力量之时,仍然扮演着作为思想自觉、精神教化的重要角色。     

法庭科学实验室质量控制研究综述

本文对法庭科学实验室质量控制活动的历史进行了回顾性分析研究,对国内外现状进行了归纳性综述。通过国内外比较,指出了我国法庭科学实验室质量控制活动的差距与改进建议。     

生态和谐人--生态文明的必然追求

随着社会的飞速发展。人类生存与生态平衡的矛盾日益突出。而生态和谐是人类解决这一矛盾的必然选择和必然趋势。从个体来看。人是社会发展的实践主体,因此。生态和谐的发展目标对人的素质提出了更高的要求,而造就生态和谐人则是实现这一目标的核心内容和有效方式。但我国目前存在的贫富差距现象和粗放式的经济发展方式等都严重地阻碍着生态和谐理念的推广。所以,需要个人从价值理念与生活方式入手,从自身做起,共同建设生态文明,促进社会和谐。     

Maintaining racial inequality through crime control: mass incarceration and residential segregation

The use of the prison system to incarcerate has been one of the state’s primary control mechanisms since the early 1970s, immediately following many civil rights changes. A system of mass incarceration has entailed wide and continuous racial disparities which maintain inequality across social institutions, such as the economy and political participation – the institutions in which the civil rights movement sought to secure equality. This analysis examines the association between disparate crime control and racial residential segregation, another major social institution targeted by the civil rights movement. Links to theoretical discussions on racial formation, law and crime control, and residential segregation to advance our understanding of inequalities and the reciprocal relationships between these institutionalized processes are presented.     

Diffusion of treatment interventions: exploration of ‘secondary’ treatment diffusion

Abstract

The present report presents outcome results from a randomized controlled effect study on extended Aggression Replacement Training (ART). In a pre–post design, a 30-hour ART intervention was found to significantly reduce behavioral problems and increase social skills. The control group did not demonstrate comparable changes, but still indicated improvement. Such control-group improvement may be caused by improper treatment and control group implementation (diffusion of treatment) and/or ‘secondary’ diffusion caused by participants in the treatment group affecting control group subjects by demonstrating changed behavior. Both mechanisms were explored, and it is concluded that the improvement observed in the control group was due to such ‘secondary diffusion’. Implications of these findings are discussed.     

生态文明建设与环境法的正义追求

环境法产生和兴起于环境危机的时代,在法律领域承载着应对环境危机的历史使命。环境法的基本品格和历史使命决定了环境法成为保障和促进生态文明的首要法律部门。以生态文明为基本理念,根据生态文明建设的基本要求,环境法呈现出完全不同于传统法律部门的价值追求。作为环境法的核心价值,环境法的正义追求表现为多面的正义,包括代内正义、代际正义和人际正义。环境法的正义追求以实现人与自然的和谐共处为终极目的,这同时也是生态文明建设的题中之义。     

法院内部控制刑事裁判权的方法与反思

我国法院内部对刑事裁判权的控制有着独特的方法与逻辑。在方法上,有严格的流程监控和细密的考核指标,即过程控制与结果控制。这种控制刑事裁判的方法体现了独特的制度逻辑,而制度实践者则基于不同的动因或主动或被动地选择了该方法。法院内部控权模式有利有弊,总体来说,过程控制在一定程度上消解了结果控制的效果,结果控制则又在一定程度上加强了过程控制,如此循环导致对刑事裁判权的控制不但成效不大,且产生了一定的副作用。法院内部控权模式存在双重悖论,未来对刑事裁判权的控制应遵循基本的司法规律。     

Resurrecting the Dodo: Positive control DNA for species identification

Positive controls are necessary standards for inclusion in forensic tests. When working as expected they demonstrate that methods have been applied correctly, and therefore results can be interpreted with confidence. However, the requirement for positive controls can also introduce problems. For species identification in wildlife DNA forensic testing, it is possible that the DNA sequence of the case sample will be a 100% match to the positive control. Whilst clear results for negative controls will indicate that cross-contamination is unlikely, it would be preferable to have a positive control that will not appear in casework. In addition, for many endangered species, obtaining positive control DNA for species-specific testing can be problematic. Here we present a simple method to use artificially generated positive control DNA from the extinct Dodo, Raphus cucullatus, for four species-identification tests run routinely in UK wildlife forensic casework.