Development of impulsivity and risk‐seeking: Implications for the dimensionality and stability of self‐control*

In Gottfredson and Hirschi's self‐control theory, introduced in 1990, they contend that self‐control is a unidimensional construct that develops early in childhood and remains stable throughout the life span. According to findings reported in recent research, however, these arguments are now being challenged, with scholars pointing to ways in which self‐control may be multidimensional in nature and may change beyond the period of alleged stabilization. In this study, we draw on Steinberg's dual systems model, introduced in 2008, to consider this issue further. We examine that model's two key elements of low self‐control—risk‐seeking and impulsivity—to determine whether they are empirically distinguishable from one another and have differing developmental trajectories from childhood to early adulthood. We also consider the consequences of changes in risk‐seeking and impulsivity for within‐individual changes in crime. We examine these issues with data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) for individuals from 10 to 30 years old. The results of our analyses show support for a multidimensional and dynamic conception of self‐control—from age 10 to age 30, risk‐seeking and impulsivity are empirically distinct and develop in divergent ways that are consistent with the dual systems model. Changes in risk‐seeking and impulsivity also affect changes in crime, but their effects vary with age and changes in the other element. We discuss these findings and their implications for self‐control and the development of life‐course criminology.     

Increased Hematocrit Due to Electrical‐Waveform Exposures in Splenectomized Sus scrofa,

In laboratory studies of the pig Sus scrofa, hematocrit has consistently increased after conducted‐electrical‐weapon (CEW) exposures, possibly due to contraction of the spleen. Splenectomized animals and intact sham control animals were exposed, each for 30 sec, to a benchtop‐produced electrical waveform of net charge levels similar to those of some CEWs. Changes in the blood were compared statistically. Hematocrit increased significantly in both splenectomized and sham animals. There were no significant main‐effect differences between values of hematocrit from the two groups. There were, however, significant interactive effects of time and splenectomy for hematocrit, red blood cell count, and hemoglobin. After peak values were reached for these variables, values returned toward baseline levels more slowly in splenectomized animals. This may have been due to the lack of a spleen to sequester red blood cells (thereby resulting in more cells remaining in the general circulation), unlike sham animals with intact spleens.     

树立以人为本的生态法理念--从公众参与制度出发的考察

彰显“以人为本”的价值取向,生态法必须完成的任务之一应是建立和完善公众参与制度。本文从公众参与制度的法理依据、目前我国公众参与制度现状以及公众参与环境保护的路径设计等几个方面对公众参与制度进行了阐释。     

平安建设与当前社会不稳定因素的关联分析

平安建设的过程就是遏制和清除社会不稳定因素的过程,所以平安建设与社会不稳定因素是直接的因果关系。从社会控制论的角度分析,当前影响平安建设的社会不稳定因素主要集中在三个方面:刑事犯罪、因权利主张而引起的利益纷争及社会生成问题。作为基础性因素的社会生成问题是影响平安建设的深层的、核心的因素,而这一因素的核心表现在于社会离心力倾向。通过对社会不稳定因素的关联分析,在现实状况下,平安建设的重心应放在对社会向心力的聚合和对社会治理的善治的选择上。     

民国晚期工商团体的法律规制与行政控制--以津冀为中心的考察

以"业必归会"为原则,民国晚期已经形成工业会和工业同业公会、商会和商业同业公会、矿业会分治的较为完善的工商团体法律体系.各种具体法律制度也臻于完善,工商团体的任务、宗旨、性质、会员、组织机构、会议、会计及清算等均有明确法律规定.在行政控制上,政府主要通过指导和监督来实现.其主要手段是检核报备材料、敦促工商团体成立、回复提案以及催缴欠费.在行政控制中,工商团体并非完全处于被动状态,他们往往借助于政府权力实现其目的,二者之间实际上形成了一种互动.正是这种互动和完善法律体系的存在,为工商团体发挥作用提供必要的环境.     

论中国特色的反腐机制建设

腐败问题,其实质是权力的异变,核心是权力的滥用。要有效地控制和治理腐败问题,必须加强反腐机制建设,强化和完善“以预警教育机制为前提、以监督制约机制为重点、以打击惩治机制为后盾、以激励保障机制为辅助”四位一体的反腐败工作机制。     

知识、人性与治理模式的关系

在影响国家与社会的治理模式中,知识与人性一直是两个非常重要的因素。人们基本上以善恶阐释人性,而在知识的纬度上,根据拥有知识的多少也可以把人分为不同的等级,还有理性与感性、理性与经验的关系,知识往往也是人性的构成要素。整体而言,中国传统人性论强调人的社会属性和伦理属性,贬抑人的生物属性;而西方人性论则偏重人的自然属性和认知属性,并给予正面评价。中国根深蒂固的等级人性论使得中国古代的治理模式无论是性善还是性恶最终都走向人治或人治下的“法治”。西方因有了自然法中的“平等”因子,治理模式呈现出了另一番景象。     

北京市机动车排放控制管理实践

为实现城市交通与环境可持续发展,就要在满足交通需求的同时,尽力减少机动车污染排放,减少能源消耗.控制机动车排放污染,改善城市环境空气质量,需要采取综合的对策与措施.就北京市近年来在控制机动车排放污染方面采取的对策、措施、效果及存在问题等,做一简要介绍与分析.     

生态环境与近代平地瑶的经济变迁

一个民族经济的形成是多种因素的综合体 ,生态环境因素也是其中一个重要组成部分 ,在不同的生态环境条件下 ,形成了各民族不同的经济发展实体。平地瑶迁居平地后 ,随着生态环境的改善 ,近代其传统经济形态发生重要的变化 ,并形成了具有地方特色的农业、手工业和商业。生态环境的变化是导致近代平地瑶经济变迁的一个不可忽略的因素 ,而当代平地瑶地区的经济发展也离不开良性生态环境的推动。     

防火墙技术分析

Internet的迅速发展给现代人的生产和生活都带来了前所未有的飞跃,大大提高了工作效率,丰富了人们的生活,弥补了人们的精神空缺;而与此同时给人们带来了一个日益严峻的问题——网络安全。网络的安全性成为当今最热门的话题之一,很多企业为了保障自身服务器或数据安全都采用了防火墙。随着科技的发展,防火墙也逐渐被大众所接受。本文阐述了防火墙工作的方式,以及防火墙的基本分类,并且讨论了每一种防火墙的优缺点。