苏联战俘事务管理机构沿革(1939～1956)

二战期间,苏联俘获大量战俘,战俘的接收、安置、医疗服务、物资供给、劳动、政治教育和遣返等各方面事务均由苏联内务人民委员会战俘和被拘留人员事务管理总局负责。随着战场形势、战俘数量及战俘政策的变化,管理机构的名称、任务、职能、结构和规模均在发生变化。进入上世纪50年代,多数战俘已被遣返,管理局最终于1953年4月20日被撤销,其职能移交给了监狱管理局。在整个关押期间管理局较为重视战俘事务,在苏联国内经济状况好转的同时,战俘的关押条件也在逐渐改善,战俘发病率和死亡率逐年降低,劳动效率不断提高。     

Traveling There and Back Again: A Fingernail's Tale

This study focuses on the examination of stable isotope biomarkers in human fingernails of travelers who ventured away from Salt Lake City, UT and subsequently returned. Here, we describe three case studies examining: individual travelers (n = 4), paired travelers (n = 2), and a traveler (n = 1) who repeatedly left and returned. Our case studies examined the influences of dietary and drinking water inputs on fingernail stable isotope profiles for reconstructing travel histories. Stable isotope data were compared with theoretical and predictive models that laid the groundwork for anthropological and forensic geospatial reconstruction of travel histories. Drinking water inputs strongly influenced stable isotope profiles and the patterns observed were consistent with reported travel histories. Finally, observed fingernail stable isotope ratio data were consistent with modeled rates of stable isotope turnover and transition to expected values for the new environment. The results of our study further support the use of fingernail tissues for travel history reconstruction.     

Criminal history and social disadvantage as predictors of the severity of violent offending

ABSTRACT

Lethal violence is often seen as the tip of the iceberg and homicide perpetrators are seen as manifesting the most extreme number of various risk factors. This article explores whether that is the case. Using a unique data set combining data from several administrative registers with a nationally representative sample of different types of police-reported violence committed during 2010–2011 (N = 26,303 offenders) in Finland, we compare the offenders of five different types of violence (minor assault, assault, aggravated assault, attempted homicide, and completed homicide). In addition, we examine the association between the severity of violence and prior criminal history and different types of strain. The results give partial support to the hypothesis: the more serious the violence, the more crime prone and socially disadvantaged the offender. Yet, lethal offenders do not stand out alone; the division, rather, appears to be between offenders of serious (aggravated assault, attempted homicide, completed homicide) and less serious (minor assault, assault) forms of violence.     

Historical family systems and contemporary developmental outcomes: what is to be gained from the historical census microdata revolution?

Recent years have witnessed a growing interest in the role of the historical family as the instigator of disparate developmental trajectories. However, a major challenge faced by these studies was that they had to work around a lack of reliable historical data. This study demonstrates how embarking on the recent outburst of historical microdata infrastructures may help to improve these explorations by suggesting additional statistics and a derived measure (the Patriarchy Index) that might prove useful in future efforts aimed at assessing the effect of historical family organization on comparative development. The added value of that endeavour is assessed by comparing the predictive validity of the PI for contemporary developmental gradients against a composite indicator of family organization previously used by economic historians (Carmichael’s ‘Female Friendliness Index’). The results indicate that conclusions about the relationship between historical family organization and various societal outcomes may be sensitive to the measure used. Based on the evidence presented in this paper, it is argued that one of the reasons why the potential importance of historical family for contemporary developmental disparities has not been convincingly unravelled could be inadequacy of data and indicators so far employed to assess historical family formations. To the extent that the Patriarchy Index would be taken up by wider scholarly circles as an indicator of historical family organization it could help unravel potentially new associations between past and present, at least as far as Europe is concerned.     

Forensic psychiatric experiences,stigma, and self-concept: a mixed-methods study

This study used a mixed-methods approach to investigate stigma experiences and self-concepts of individuals with both mental illness and criminal histories. The full sample of participants completed self-report measures of self-concept related to mental illness, race, and criminal history, and a brief qualitative self-concept measure. A subsample of participants completed semi-structured interviews, which were analyzed for content domains. Analyses suggested that several aspects of self-concept related to responses on stigma measures. Participants who identified their own styles of acting, feeling, and thinking tended to exhibit less mental illness self-stigma. Qualitative interview findings suggested that the majority of participants described stigma experiences related to mental illness, race, and criminal history, and these stigmatized identities negatively influenced one another. Conclusions review how stigmatized identities can intersect in powerful ways for individuals with mental illness and histories of criminal offending, and discuss implications for future research and clinical practice.     

村民自治障碍及对策论（上）

本文对村民自治面临的障碍和应采取的对策进行了研究。全文分《上篇——障碍论》和《下篇——对策论》两部分。本期发的《上篇——障碍论》对村民自治面临的障碍进行了分析。作者认为 ,村民自治面临的障碍主要有历史遗留的障碍和现实存在的障碍。历史遗留的障碍表现有 :长期封建专制统治形成的障碍、封建宗法传统的障碍、专制法制传统的障碍、旧式自治传统的障碍。现实存在的障碍表现有 :观念上的障碍、体制上的障碍、村民自治制度本身缺陷的障碍、立法缺陷的障碍。作者对这些障碍的成因和危害作了相当程度的分析。     

重说历史——在真实与虚构之间

2 0世纪末的中国文学 ,对历史表现出了前所未有的兴趣 ,然而 ,其历史观也发生了根本性的变化———这种变化几乎是颠覆性的。产生这一现象的哲学背景是 :对“真实”与“真实性”的彻底怀疑。历史运行的动力到底是什么 ?历史的变迁到底是如何发生的 ?2 0世纪末的中国文学有着不同于以往的解读。这一时期 ,历史是被文学所利用的 ,历史成为若干新颖观念与美学趣味得以落实的最佳题材。     

论全面建设小康社会阶段在民族复兴史中的地位

全面建设小康社会是实现民族复兴必经阶段。这一历史阶段将兴起民族复兴的高潮 ,中国将实现跨越式的发展。要肩负起民族复兴的使命 ,必须紧紧抓住21世纪头20年的战略机遇期。     

论北洋军阀政府时期的报刊立法活动及主要特点

袁世凯当政时期及其死后的北洋军阀政府在报刊方面开展了一系列立法活动.这些立法活动表现出来的主要特点是政权性质改变而名号照旧、报刊法制成果主要集中在袁世凯当政时期、字面上"民主自由"和实质上封建专制手段共用等.     

仡佬族"打牙"习俗初探

本文简述古代仡佬族打牙习俗的历史记载,对比中国其他打牙习俗的记载和考古发掘研究成果及台湾高山族打牙习俗,确定仡佬族打牙习俗在中华文化系统中的地位.