鼻骨骨折影像学检查方法与法医学鉴定

本文从影像学检查方法的不同,重点对鼻骨骨折的影像学特点进行论述,比较了各种影像学检查方法的优劣。在法医学鉴定中,应根据实际情况,选择更优质的影像学检查,注意与正常的解剖变异相区别,并提出根据鼻骨骨折的影像分型进行法医学伤情鉴定的依据。     

青少年骨龄鉴定及其相关问题

本文综述了骨龄研究和应用历史,以及骨龄评测的新方法和新技术,讨论了骨骼发育的影响因素、骨龄标准时效性、骨龄评测部位选择及法医骨龄鉴定等相关问题。     

中国汉族女性青少年法医学活体骨龄推断数学模型的建立

目的建立推断中国汉族女性青少年活体骨龄的数学模型。方法摄取华中、华南及华东等地区的838名年龄介于11～20周岁正常女性青少年双侧锁骨胸骨端以及左侧肩、肘、腕、髋、膝、踝关节的X线片。依据青少年骨发育分级标准对24项骨骼发育指标进行阅片、分级,结合考虑身高、体质量及地区等影响因素．应用SAS8．1及SPSS11．0软件进行统计学处理,探索各指标与年龄的相关性。结果建立了我国汉族女性青少年利用锁骨胸骨端及6大关节骨骺闭合程度联合推断活体年龄的多元回归数学模型．推导出判定我国汉族女性青少年是否已满14、16和18周岁的Fisher’S两类判别分析方程。结论本研究所建立的判定活体年龄的数学模型丰富了活体年龄的法医学鉴定方法,有利于提高活体骨龄鉴定方法的科学性和结论的准确性。     

A soft-tissue calcification: differential diagnosis and pathogenesis

An autopsy of a 72-year-old white male revealed a 30.5 x 5.1 cm vertically aligned heterotopic ossification just deep to a 30.5 cm midline abdominal scar. The ossified mass was determined to be a heterotopic ossification or myostitis ossificans (MO) traumatica resulting from an abdominal surgical incision during life. While, MO traumatica is relatively common accounting for roughly 60-75% of patients with soft-tissue ossification, heterotopic ossification of abdominal incisions are relatively rare and thus infrequently reported. This article details the manifestation of this relatively large heterotopic bone and provides a comprehensive review of the literature and pathogenesis of this unusual ossification. A review of the English literature from 1920 to the present produced only a handful of articles for a total of 185 reported cases. All had bone formed within vertical incisions, usually within 1 year of surgery, and 89% were males. Knowledge of this phenomenon and the variable size at presentation is useful to both the autopsy pathologist and the anthropologist in generating a diagnosis for abnormal calcifications.     

A Case of Contested Cremains Analyzed Through Metric and Chemical Comparison

Since the 1980s, cremation has become the fastest growing area of the U.S. funeral industry. At the same time, the number of litigations against funeral homes and cremation facilities has increased. Forensic anthropologists are often asked to determine whether the contents of an urn are actually cremated bone, and to address questions regarding the identity of the remains. This study uses both metric and chemical analyses for resolving a case of contested cremains. A cremains weight of 2021.8 g was predicted based on the decedent's reported stature and weight. However, the urn contents weighed 4173.5 g. The urn contents also contained material inconsistent with cremains (e.g., moist sediment, stones, ferrous metal). Analysis using XRD and SEM demonstrated that the urn contained thermally altered bone as well as inorganic material consistent with glass fiber cement. Although forensically challenging, cremains cases such as this one can be resolved using a multidisciplinary approach.     

Estimation of Age Using Alveolar Bone Loss: Forensic and Anthropological Applications

The objective of this study was to utilize a new odontological methodological approach based on radiographic for age estimation. The study was comprised of 397 participants aged between 9 and 87 years. A clinical examination and a radiographic assessment of alveolar bone loss were performed. Direct measures of alveolar bone level were recorded using CT scans. A medical examination report was attached to the investigation file. Because of the link between alveolar bone loss and age, a model was proposed to enable simple, reliable, and quick age estimation. This work added new arguments for age estimation. This study aimed to develop a simple, standardized, and reproducible technique for age estimation of adults of actual populations in forensic medicine and ancient populations in funeral anthropology.     

A Rare Case of an Intact Bone Plug Associated with a Gunshot Exit Wound

This case study presents an unusual manifestation of gunshot trauma in skeletal tissue from a post‐World War II human rights abuse sample uncovered in Vilnius, Lithuania. After briefly reviewing the typical wound appearance of projectile trauma in the cranium, we discuss the presence of an intact bone plug associated with a gunshot exit wound in an individual from the Tuskulenai Case. While this individual demonstrated typical gunshot entry and exit wounds to the cranium consistent with high‐velocity trauma, the bone plug indicates that the projectile likely lost much of its kinetic energy while traveling through the cranium resulting in a low‐velocity impact at the exit site. This study reviews a similar instance of a bone plug recovered from a bioarcheological sample in Peru and emphasizes the importance of thorough archeological excavations of mass graves.     

Metric Sex Determination of the Human Coxal Bone on a Virtual Sample using Decision Trees

Decision trees provide an alternative to multivariate discriminant analysis, which is still the most commonly used in anthropometric studies. Our study analyzed the metric characterization of a recent virtual sample of 113 coxal bones using decision trees for sex determination. From 17 osteometric type I landmarks, a dataset was built with five classic distances traditionally reported in the literature and six new distances selected using the two-step ratio method. A ten-fold cross-validation was performed, and a decision tree was established on two subsamples (training and test sets). The decision tree established on the training set included three nodes and its application to the test set correctly classified 92% of individuals. This percentage was similar to the data of the literature. The usefulness of decision trees has been demonstrated in numerous fields. They have been already used in sex determination, body mass prediction, and ancestry estimation. This study shows another use of decision trees enabling simple and accurate sex determination.     

43例手舟骨骨折成伤机制的法医学分析

目的分析手舟骨骨折成伤机制的法医学鉴定要点,为法医学鉴定实践提供参考。方法选取2007—2011年在中国刑事警察学院物证鉴定中心鉴定后已结案的手舟骨骨折成伤机制鉴定案件共43例,对手舟骨骨折初诊漏、误诊情况,骨折分型,伴发损伤,成伤机制分歧点等方面进行分析。结果手舟骨骨折初诊漏、误诊率高,以腰部骨折最多见,成伤机制分歧主要集中于系外力直接打击还是倒地摔跌间接作用所致。结论手舟骨骨折多为跌倒时手掌着地致腕关节过度背伸所致。     

正常鼻骨细微解剖结构的MSCT影像学形态及法医学鉴定

目的：通过对正常鼻骨多层螺旋CT （multi-slice spiral CT,MSCT）扫描及三维图像特征的观察,总结鼻骨细微解剖结构。方法对120例鼻骨无外伤史、无疾病史的志愿者行鼻区MSCT横断面扫描,重建层厚0.6 mm、层距0.5 mm的骨窗图像并导入Syngo Imaging XS软件中,进行三维图像重组。观察并分析鼻骨细微解剖结构的形态特征。结果正常鼻骨的细微解剖结构由四缝、两孔及一缘组成。其中四缝包括左、右鼻颌缝,鼻额缝以及鼻间缝,两孔为左、右鼻骨孔,一缘是鼻骨下缘。在某些个体,鼻间缝间会出现游离的缝间骨。鼻骨孔多为小孔状,但也有少数个体为线条状。鼻骨下缘可分为平直型、波浪型、倒尖峰型、月牙铲型以及其他类型。结论鼻骨解剖形态多样化且个体差异性较大,采用MSCT及三维图像重组技术,结合其外伤史有利于正确分辨鼻骨正常解剖结构和骨折。