关于犯罪心理学两个问题的探讨

犯罪心理学作为独立学科的标志性时间应是１８８９年，标志性著作是格罗斯的《犯罪心理学》一书，这样才符合历史客观性和科学性。原因是一个系统，不同性质，不同作用的具体因素的聚合效应形成了不同的犯罪心理原因。     

Influence of WTO decisions on international intellectual property

Legal context: The task of harmonization in the IP framework is currently atrisk. This conclusion is shown by the way EU Member States have recentlyenacted Directive 2001/29 on the harmonization of certain aspectsof copyright and related rights on the information society.Particularly, no Member State seems to have considered the interpretationof the three-step test of the Berne Convention given in 2000by the WTO panel, notwithstanding its importance. Moreover, three recent opinions of the French Cour de Cassation,the French Conseil Constitutionnel, and the German Federal Courtof Justice appear not to have endorsed the WTO's interpretationof the three-step test. This scenario confirms the impressionthat the international framework is devoid of any degree ofharmonization. Key points: Although the aims of certainty and predictability in the internationaltrading system are among its main tasks, the World Trade Organizationhas not yet tackled the plight of harmonization, preferringa political approach to smooth conflicts and disputes. Yet,the World Trade Organization has recently taken important stepsthat seem to herald a new attitude. In United States—Sections301-310 of the Trade Act of 1974, the World Trade Organizationdismissed the traditional deference towards national legislations.In addition, at international and national levels, the AlleghenyLudlum and Softwood Lumber cases aligned their interpretationsto that of the World Trade Organization.     

家兔非热低压电击伤血清LDH和HBDH活性的动态变化

目的研究家兔非热低压电击伤后不同时相乳酸脱氢酶（lactate dehydrogenase，LDH）和羟丁酸脱氧酶（hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase，HBDH）活性的变化，为临床和法医学非热电击伤提供诊断依据。方法健康新西兰大白兔40只，随机分为对照组和电击伤后7个时间点的实验组，每组5只。实验各组家兔用220V 50Hz交流电电击2S后自由进食，按照预定时间点麻醉后抽取心室血5mL，使用自动生化仪（type Selectra-2）测定血清LDH、HBDH酶活性。对照组家兔不电击，其他处理同实验组。结果实验组家兔目标血清酶活性发生了动态变化，有一定规律性，LDH活性在电击后4h，12h，1d，2d，3d明显升高（4h，12h，1dP〈0．01；2d，3dP〈0．05）；HBDH活性在电击后2d、3d明显升高（P〈0．05）；HBDH／LDH比值在2h、4h、12h与对照组比较显著降低（P〈0．01）。结论动态监测LDH、HBDH活性，可为非热电击损伤的诊断、损伤时间推断提供理论依据。     

大鼠死后不同组织电导率与死亡时间关系的研究

目的测定不同死亡时间大鼠脑、肺、肝和骨骼肌电导率,研究不同组织器官EC与PMI的关系。方法 SD大鼠处死后,保存于25℃恒温条件下,于死后即刻(0d)、1d、2d、3d、4d、5d、6d和7d提取大鼠脑、肺、肝和骨骼肌,四种组织器官与去离子水按照一定比例制成浸渍液,测定各组织器官浸渍液EC值;分析其EC值与PMI的关系,建立与PMI关系的回归方程;比较大鼠死后四种组织器官EC变化规律,探讨不同组织器官腐败进程。结果死后1d内骨骼肌与脑组织EC无显著变化,2~7d快速增加;而肝、肺EC值在1d内已开始增加,且2~7d内均快速上涨。四种组织器官EC与PMI的关系用三次方程拟合较好,其中肝的相关系数最高,R~2=0.96,且四种组织器官的EC值在不同的PMI区段之间呈现出不同的增长规律。结论大鼠脑、肺、肝和骨骼肌EC与PMI相关性均较好,测定尸体组织器官EC有望成为法医实践中PMI推断的有效方法。     

Quantitative Statistics and Identification of Tool‐Marks

This study was designed to establish a feature identification method of tool‐mark 2D data. A uniform local binary pattern histogram operator was developed to extract the tool‐mark features, and the random forest algorithm was adopted to identify these. The presented method was used to conduct five groups of experiments with a 2D dataset of known matched and nonmatched tool‐marks made by bolt clippers, cutting pliers, and screwdrivers. The experimental results show that the proposed method achieved a high rate of identification of the tool‐mark samples generated under identical conditions. The proposed method effectively overcomes the disadvantage of unstable illumination of 2D tool‐mark image data and avoids the difficulty in mark inspection caused by manually preset parameters in the existing methods, thus reducing the uncertainty of inspected results.     

室外温度与室内恒温下EC随死后经历时间的变化

目的在室外环境和室内恒温条件下测定昼夜不同时间猪后腿肌肉电导率(electrical conductivity,EC)值,分析并比较两种环境条件下,EC值随死后经历时间(time since death, TSD)变化的规律。方法取5块即刻屠宰的猪后腿肌肉,均分为两份,随机分成两组,分别置于秋季室外环境和室内18℃恒温环境中。在死后10d内分别于早晚8时(每隔12h)取样,测定其浸渍液EC值。结果两种环境条件下,EC随TSD变化的趋势在整体上是一致的,二者相关性均较好(R2室外=0.971,P室外=0.004,R2室内=0.98,P室内=0.002)。室外环境温度下,肌肉的EC值在白天增长明显,夜间增长不明显,尤其环境温度低于13℃时,出现明显的平台现象,与室内恒温条件下肌肉EC值持续上升的变化趋势有显著的差异。结论无论室外环境温度还是室内恒温下,肌肉EC与TSD的相关性均较好,但在具体分析时,应考虑到夜间低温平台期造成的时间延搁。     

国家公务人员持枪涉枪暴力犯罪心理"痕迹"探析

国家公务人员持枪涉枪暴力犯罪的心理"痕迹"是持枪人的"适格性"与"不作为"相分离的一种体现,它包括"公务特权和优势需要"、"拒绝自陷入罪的特权"、"职务上的特权"和以"合法"手段获得逃逸的"保证"等四种情况.国家公务人员持枪权利体现的是对合法持枪人员人身安全的保障及其对相关社会利益与特定社会关系的保护与维护,不是特殊权力的产物.未来制定的相关法规中应确立预防国家公务人员持枪涉枪暴力犯罪的法律适用规则.     

劳教人员的文身调查

目的抽样调查101名劳教人员的文身情况。方法通过流行病学调查进行研究。结果流行病学分析表明:劳教人员为文身的易感人群,监管场所是文身传播的重要环境,青少年刺制文身现象比较突出,多个部位、刺制精细的文身是违法犯罪高危人群的一种特殊标志。结论可建立文身档案或数据库,对违法犯罪嫌疑人的个人识别、体貌辨认具有重要的使用价值和现实意义。     

Exposures to Conducted Electrical Weapons (Including TASER® Devices): How Many and for How Long are Acceptable?

TASER^® conducted electrical weapons (CEWs) are an important law-enforcement tool. The purposes of this study are a) to review recent literature regarding potential pathophysiological responses to applications of CEWs, and other related issues and b) to evaluate whether enough data exist to determine the acceptability of longer-duration (or repeated) exposures. This is a narrative review, using a multidisciplinary approach of analyzing reports from physiological, legal-medical, and police-strategy literature sources. In general, short-duration exposures to CEWs result in limited effects. Longer-duration or repeated exposures may be utilized with caution, although there are currently not enough data to determine the acceptability of all types of exposures. Data examined in the literature have inherent limitations. Appropriateness of specific types of CEW usage may be determined by individual police agencies, applying risk/benefit analyses unique to each organization. While more research is recommended, initial concepts of potential future long-duration or repeated CEW applications are presented.     

Contrast Enhancement of Bite Mark Images Using the Grayscale Mixer in ACR in Photoshop®

Enhanced images may improve bite mark edge definition, assisting forensic analysis. Current contrast enhancement involves color extraction, viewing layered images by channel. A novel technique, producing a single enhanced image using the grayscale mix panel within Adobe Camera Raw^®, has been developed and assessed here, allowing adjustments of multiple color channels simultaneously. Stage 1 measured RGB values in 72 versions of a color chart image; eight sliders in Photoshop^® were adjusted at 25% intervals, all corresponding colors affected. Stage 2 used a bite mark image, and found only red, orange, and yellow sliders had discernable effects. Stage 3 assessed modality preference between color, grayscale, and enhanced images; on average, the 22 survey participants chose the enhanced image as better defined for nine out of 10 bite marks. The study has shown potential benefits for this new technique. However, further research is needed before use in the analysis of bite marks.